Bashkirs
The conducted research of the culture, history and language of the Turkic peoples within the framework of the international project "Interaction of the history, culture and language of the Turkic peoples in the post-Soviet Kazakhstan" showed that the historical, cultural and language situation in the North of Kazakhstan is significantly different from Southern Kazakhstan. In this article we will focus on the Bashkirs who live along with the other Turkic peoples such as Tatars, Chuvashes, Azeri, Kyrgyz and many others in Northern and Central Kazakhstan.
A brief historical note
Historically, Bashkirs have lived in the southern part of the Ural Mountains since ancient times, they were an integral part of the Kimako-Kypchak state in the pre-Mongol period, as evidenced in the Arabic, Chinese sources, as well as Russian chronicles highlighting the historical, political, cultural aspects of the Desht-Kypchak state in Central Asia. Highlighting the ethnic composition of the Kimak state S. Akhinzhanov wrote: "Along with quite ancient tribes that were still a part of the Kimak tribe union (yemek) or existed on their own such as (Badjana Pechenegs, Bashkirs, Uz-guzes, Mankurogles) there are new ethnic groups" [1, p.267].
Number of Baskirs and their places of residence
As for today, the Bashkir diaspora is not the largest in Kazakhstan. According to the latest census in the Republic of Kazakhstan there are 17263 people of the Bashkir population.
The Bashkir language is the official language of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the exogenous language of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan.
The dynamics of the population of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan based on the results of the population census:
1970 – 21 442
1979 – 32 499
1989 – 40 949
1999 – 23 225
2009 – 17 263
In Kazakhstan the Bashkirs as well as the Tatars depended on the tsarist government since the end of the 18th century when the colonization of the Kazakh lands, namely the Stepnoy Kray, began which led to the development of trade relations and the economic and cultural development of cities in the region including Petropavlovsk, Omsk, Uralsk, Kostanay, Aktobe, as well as the establishment of madrassas, schools, cultural centers [2, с.150].
The results of the sociolinguistic study show that 46 (33.6%) of the 137 respondents who participated in the survey live in the Akmola region, 28 (20.4%) live in Northern Kazakhstan, 19 people (13.9%) in the Aktyubinsk region, 15 (10.9) in Karaganda, 2 (1.5%) in Zhambyl, 2 (1.5%) in Southern Kazakhstan, 1 (0.7%) in the Almaty region; there are no data for 19 respondents (13.9%). Thus, data analysis shows that the largest percentage of representatives of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan lives in the Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan region and in the West of Kazakhstan.
As the project research shows many Bashkirs moved to Kazakhstan during the years of Soviet power, the war against fascism, the cultivation of virgin lands and also for personal reasons (getting married, personal ties, etc.).
The national cultural associations of Bashkirs and supporting their language and culture
In the Republic of Kazakhstan the Bashkir ethnic cultural centers function together with the Tatar ones. There are more than 20 Tatar and Bashkir national cultural organizations. The largest of them is the "Idel" association which unites 18 national cultural centers in 15 regions of Kazakhstan and is one of the co-founders of the Assembly of Nations of Kazakhstan whose chairman is the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev [3, с. 6].
Along with the ethnic cultural centers there are Sunday schools, Bashkir and Tatar arts schools where classes are held in the Bashkir and Tatar languages. Each ethnic cultural association has music and choreographic groups.
The Tatar and Bashkir center functions in the city of Pavlodar at the "Renaissance" school where adults and children learn their native languages revive folk customs and traditions.
During the years of sovereign Kazakhstan radical changes took place in all spheres of political, economic and sociocultural activities of the Kazakh people, non-local and Turkic peoples (including the Bashkir people) residing on the territory of the republic. The psychology of people has changed, there have been transformations in ethnics and culture, the tendencies in the command of the native language, the official Kazakh language and intercultural Russian language have been developed.
There is verified knowledge on ethnic identity, education issues, knowledge of the culture and language, the ethnic culture of the Kazakh people and its language, attitudes towards the local ethnic group of Kazakhstan, and other relevant information presented in the electronic processing of the survey that was carried out within the framework of the project.
The statistical analysis of the sociolinguistic situation of the Bashkirs based on the results of the survey
The survey included 137 respondents who are Bashkirs according to their passports. By self-determination, there are 132 people who consider themselves as Bashkirs which accounts for 96.4%. One person (0.7%) identified himself as a Cossack, 4 respondents (2.9%) had no data.
In order to determine the specific data we focus on the most important questions of the survey regarding the ethnic identification of the ethnos under study. Such key concepts include: age, sex, citizenship, ethnic identification by passport, personal self-determination, marriages, mixed marriages of the first and second generations and ethnic definition of children, religious or cult affiliation, place of residence and local people of the Republic of Kazakhstan, language of learning (education), command of the native and other languages.
Age. The total number of informants by age parameters was divided into 4 groups, the boundaries of which, surely, are conditional, rigidly non-deterministic.
I Children and youth: from 11 to 17 years old, there were 4 people
II Adult: from 18 tо 37 years old, there were 48 people
III Informants of the era of sovereign Kazakhstan: from 38 to 50 years old, there were 21 people
IV Elderly: from 51 to 75 years old, there were 19 people.
Sex:, There were 45 females and 47 males out of 92 respondents.
Citizenship: All the 92 people out of 92 informants were citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Ethnicity: 92 Bashkir people.
According to passport: There were 90 Baskir people according to their passports, 1 person was recorded as Tatar whose father is though Bashkir, mother is Tatar, consequently the informant was registered by the nationality of his mother. One person did not have any passport data.
Ethnic self-determination: There were 90 people defined themselves as Bashkirs, among them the fathers of 88 people were Bashkirs, the fathers of 2 people were Tatars, but mothers were Bashkirs. One person defined himself as a Russian although both parents were Bashkirs. One person did not have any data on this point.
Thus, according to the ethnic self-determination of the Bashkirs the father line is undoubtedly the dominant marker regardless of ethnos, the child in the family is identified by the father's ethnos and only in two cases we see self-identification by the mother’s nationality. Hence it can be stated that at present in Kazakhstan fathers exerts more influence on the formation of consciousness, culture, and language for the Bashkirs. The father's nationality for the Bashkirs is authoritative and paramount like for Kazakh people. The self-identification of one informant as a Russian can be explained by different reasons - knowledge of the Russian language and ignorance of the native language, interpersonal relations (friends, colleagues), knowledge of Russian culture and other reasons.
In family relations the Bashkirs have a different picture. Bashkirs prefer to create family ties with representatives of their ethnic group, as well as with other nationalities (Kazakhs, Russians, Tatars, Uzbeks). There is a large number of mixed marriages which represents interesting facts of family relations from the point of view of the interaction of cultures and ethnic groups in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Mixed marriages: one of the parents, either the father or the mother, does not belong to the Bashkir ethnos. Mixed marriages are characterized by age-specific characteristics, which are the first generation - parents and the second generation - children (grandchildren).
In the first generation of parents the following situation is observed.
Father: Fathers of 90 people were Bashkirs, fathers of 2 people were Tatars, mothers were Bashkirs, but according to the passport both were registered as Bashkirs and considered themselves as Bashkirs by self-determination.
Mother: There were 43 mothers of the Bashkir nationality, 21 people had Kazakh mothers, 16 people had Russian mothers, 8 people had Tatar mothers, 3 people had Uzbek mother and one informant did not have data.
It shall be noted that in the first generation Bashkirs preferred to marry Bashkir women, thereby preserving the ethnic culture, traditions and mentality. Among surveyed informants almost exactly the half of the families of the older generation are not mixed married.
And in mixed Bashkir families of Kazakhstan, men preferred to marry Kazaks, willingly marry Russians and could choose a wife from other Turkic / non-Turkic groups in the country. As noted above children of such families choose their father's line as the ethnic identification.
Second generation of children and grandchildren.
In the second generation, when one of the spouses was not of the Bashkir nationality the picture was different from the one in the older generation. Namely, the following was revealed:
Kazakhs - 38 people,
Bashkirs - 10 people,
Russians - 8 people,
Uzbeks - 2 people,
Tatars - 6 people
and 28 people do not have data on this item.
An interesting fact is that in the second generation there are more mixed marriages than in the older generation. If exactly the half of the respondents in the older generation were married to Bashkirs, then in the second generation such marriages were only 10. That means in the older generation men preferred to marry representatives of their nationality while in the second generation there is a largest group of mixed marriages with Kazakh women.
Ethnic determinition of children: as we have already noted above in the Bashkir families the father's line dominates. The following results showed what nationality the children from mixed families belong to.
Children of 28 people were Bashkirs.
Children of 15 people were Kazakhs though all the 15 families had one Kazakh parent.
Children of 4 people were Russians though three of these families had one Russian parent and one family had both parents of the Bashkir nationality.
Children of 4 people were Tatars and all the 4 families had one parent who was Tatar.
Children of 2 people were Uzbeks and in both families one parent was Uzbek.
Children of 8 people were Balkars, 6 of these families had one of parents who was Kazakh and the second one was Bashkir, 2 families had both parents who were Bashkirs so why their children were Balkars is not clear.
There were 31 people who did not have any data on this point.
The half, namely 42 people answered that the nationality should be determined by the line of the father. Two answered that the Bashkirs, one person thought it should be at the request of their parents, one person answered that if the father was Bashkir, then a child would be Bashkir, one answered that there could be different situations. There were 42 people who did not have data on this issue.
In our opinion, the Turkic ethnic character of mixed Bashkir families coincides with the era of sovereign Kazakhstan, as well as with the expansion and strengthening of the culture of the Kazakh people and with an orientation to their own Turkic origins and culture.
Religious or cult affiliation: There were 76 people out of 92 Baskir informants who answered that they adhered to the Muslim faith, 2 people belong to Christians, 2 people determined their cult affiliation as religious and 12 people did not answer this question.
Residence and local people of the Republic of Kazakhstan: There were 28 people out of the 92 Bashkir informants from the Aktyubinsk region (Western Kazakhstan), 27 people from the Akmola region (Northern Kazakhstan), 15 people from the Karaganda region (Central Kazakhstan), 4 people from the Kostanai region (Northern Kazakhstan), 4 people from the Northern Kazakhstan region, 3 people from the Dzhambul region (Southern Kazakhstan), 1 person from the Pavlodar region (Northern Kazakhstan) and 10 people did not have any data on that point.
There were 68 Bashkirs out of the 92 people who are the local residents of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 21 people were non-local residents of Kazakhstan. 3 people did not have any information.
Also the informants were asked whether their family were the local residents, and about the dates and the reasons for moving to Kazakhstan. The dates of the resettlement of Tatars in the Republic of Kazakhstan are various, many people in Kazakhstan have grandparents or even great-grandparents who moved a long time ago.
The reasons for the resettlement in the Republic of Kazakhstan are very different, 2 people named the development of virgin lands as the reason for the resettlement, 4 people defined family reasons, 4 people told it happened because of marriage, 3 people were for Buzdyak, 16 people came to work, 1 person at personal will and 2 people were not aware of reasons for resettlement. The main number of people who moved to Kazakhstan was from Bashkiria and Tatarstan.
On the question whether they were going to stay in Kazakhstan or leave, there were 40 people out of the 92 informants of the Bashkirs who answered that they were not going to leave Kazakhstan; 24 people answered that they were going to leave; 28 people did not have data on this question. The reasons for willing to leave Kazakhstan are also very different, many want to leave for work, for education, for improving life conditions and for prospects, many want to go to their homeland, and some mentioned personal reasons like marriage and family circumstances.
Also 14 people out of the 92 informants moved inside the RK, 48 people did not move and 30 people did not have data on this item. The reasons for moving inside Kazakhstan were mainly work, family circumstances, education proposes, entering the university, and also moving from the village.
Some of the informants have family members or relatives who left Kazakhstan. There were those who left to Russia and Ukraine, Germany, Georgia and Canada.
Language of learning (education):
A brief historical note
Historically, Bashkirs have lived in the southern part of the Ural Mountains since ancient times, they were an integral part of the Kimako-Kypchak state in the pre-Mongol period, as evidenced in the Arabic, Chinese sources, as well as Russian chronicles highlighting the historical, political, cultural aspects of the Desht-Kypchak state in Central Asia. Highlighting the ethnic composition of the Kimak state S. Akhinzhanov wrote: "Along with quite ancient tribes that were still a part of the Kimak tribe union (yemek) or existed on their own such as (Badjana Pechenegs, Bashkirs, Uz-guzes, Mankurogles) there are new ethnic groups" [1, p.267].
Number of Baskirs and their places of residence
As for today, the Bashkir diaspora is not the largest in Kazakhstan. According to the latest census in the Republic of Kazakhstan there are 17263 people of the Bashkir population.
The Bashkir language is the official language of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the exogenous language of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan.
The dynamics of the population of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan based on the results of the population census:
1970 – 21 442
1979 – 32 499
1989 – 40 949
1999 – 23 225
2009 – 17 263
In Kazakhstan the Bashkirs as well as the Tatars depended on the tsarist government since the end of the 18th century when the colonization of the Kazakh lands, namely the Stepnoy Kray, began which led to the development of trade relations and the economic and cultural development of cities in the region including Petropavlovsk, Omsk, Uralsk, Kostanay, Aktobe, as well as the establishment of madrassas, schools, cultural centers [2, с.150].
The results of the sociolinguistic study show that 46 (33.6%) of the 137 respondents who participated in the survey live in the Akmola region, 28 (20.4%) live in Northern Kazakhstan, 19 people (13.9%) in the Aktyubinsk region, 15 (10.9) in Karaganda, 2 (1.5%) in Zhambyl, 2 (1.5%) in Southern Kazakhstan, 1 (0.7%) in the Almaty region; there are no data for 19 respondents (13.9%). Thus, data analysis shows that the largest percentage of representatives of the Bashkir diaspora in Kazakhstan lives in the Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan region and in the West of Kazakhstan.
As the project research shows many Bashkirs moved to Kazakhstan during the years of Soviet power, the war against fascism, the cultivation of virgin lands and also for personal reasons (getting married, personal ties, etc.).
The national cultural associations of Bashkirs and supporting their language and culture
In the Republic of Kazakhstan the Bashkir ethnic cultural centers function together with the Tatar ones. There are more than 20 Tatar and Bashkir national cultural organizations. The largest of them is the "Idel" association which unites 18 national cultural centers in 15 regions of Kazakhstan and is one of the co-founders of the Assembly of Nations of Kazakhstan whose chairman is the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev [3, с. 6].
Along with the ethnic cultural centers there are Sunday schools, Bashkir and Tatar arts schools where classes are held in the Bashkir and Tatar languages. Each ethnic cultural association has music and choreographic groups.
The Tatar and Bashkir center functions in the city of Pavlodar at the "Renaissance" school where adults and children learn their native languages revive folk customs and traditions.
During the years of sovereign Kazakhstan radical changes took place in all spheres of political, economic and sociocultural activities of the Kazakh people, non-local and Turkic peoples (including the Bashkir people) residing on the territory of the republic. The psychology of people has changed, there have been transformations in ethnics and culture, the tendencies in the command of the native language, the official Kazakh language and intercultural Russian language have been developed.
There is verified knowledge on ethnic identity, education issues, knowledge of the culture and language, the ethnic culture of the Kazakh people and its language, attitudes towards the local ethnic group of Kazakhstan, and other relevant information presented in the electronic processing of the survey that was carried out within the framework of the project.
The statistical analysis of the sociolinguistic situation of the Bashkirs based on the results of the survey
The survey included 137 respondents who are Bashkirs according to their passports. By self-determination, there are 132 people who consider themselves as Bashkirs which accounts for 96.4%. One person (0.7%) identified himself as a Cossack, 4 respondents (2.9%) had no data.
In order to determine the specific data we focus on the most important questions of the survey regarding the ethnic identification of the ethnos under study. Such key concepts include: age, sex, citizenship, ethnic identification by passport, personal self-determination, marriages, mixed marriages of the first and second generations and ethnic definition of children, religious or cult affiliation, place of residence and local people of the Republic of Kazakhstan, language of learning (education), command of the native and other languages.
Age. The total number of informants by age parameters was divided into 4 groups, the boundaries of which, surely, are conditional, rigidly non-deterministic.
I Children and youth: from 11 to 17 years old, there were 4 people
II Adult: from 18 tо 37 years old, there were 48 people
III Informants of the era of sovereign Kazakhstan: from 38 to 50 years old, there were 21 people
IV Elderly: from 51 to 75 years old, there were 19 people.
Sex:, There were 45 females and 47 males out of 92 respondents.
Citizenship: All the 92 people out of 92 informants were citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Ethnicity: 92 Bashkir people.
According to passport: There were 90 Baskir people according to their passports, 1 person was recorded as Tatar whose father is though Bashkir, mother is Tatar, consequently the informant was registered by the nationality of his mother. One person did not have any passport data.
Ethnic self-determination: There were 90 people defined themselves as Bashkirs, among them the fathers of 88 people were Bashkirs, the fathers of 2 people were Tatars, but mothers were Bashkirs. One person defined himself as a Russian although both parents were Bashkirs. One person did not have any data on this point.
Thus, according to the ethnic self-determination of the Bashkirs the father line is undoubtedly the dominant marker regardless of ethnos, the child in the family is identified by the father's ethnos and only in two cases we see self-identification by the mother’s nationality. Hence it can be stated that at present in Kazakhstan fathers exerts more influence on the formation of consciousness, culture, and language for the Bashkirs. The father's nationality for the Bashkirs is authoritative and paramount like for Kazakh people. The self-identification of one informant as a Russian can be explained by different reasons - knowledge of the Russian language and ignorance of the native language, interpersonal relations (friends, colleagues), knowledge of Russian culture and other reasons.
In family relations the Bashkirs have a different picture. Bashkirs prefer to create family ties with representatives of their ethnic group, as well as with other nationalities (Kazakhs, Russians, Tatars, Uzbeks). There is a large number of mixed marriages which represents interesting facts of family relations from the point of view of the interaction of cultures and ethnic groups in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Mixed marriages: one of the parents, either the father or the mother, does not belong to the Bashkir ethnos. Mixed marriages are characterized by age-specific characteristics, which are the first generation - parents and the second generation - children (grandchildren).
In the first generation of parents the following situation is observed.
Father: Fathers of 90 people were Bashkirs, fathers of 2 people were Tatars, mothers were Bashkirs, but according to the passport both were registered as Bashkirs and considered themselves as Bashkirs by self-determination.
Mother: There were 43 mothers of the Bashkir nationality, 21 people had Kazakh mothers, 16 people had Russian mothers, 8 people had Tatar mothers, 3 people had Uzbek mother and one informant did not have data.
It shall be noted that in the first generation Bashkirs preferred to marry Bashkir women, thereby preserving the ethnic culture, traditions and mentality. Among surveyed informants almost exactly the half of the families of the older generation are not mixed married.
And in mixed Bashkir families of Kazakhstan, men preferred to marry Kazaks, willingly marry Russians and could choose a wife from other Turkic / non-Turkic groups in the country. As noted above children of such families choose their father's line as the ethnic identification.
Second generation of children and grandchildren.
In the second generation, when one of the spouses was not of the Bashkir nationality the picture was different from the one in the older generation. Namely, the following was revealed:
Kazakhs - 38 people,
Bashkirs - 10 people,
Russians - 8 people,
Uzbeks - 2 people,
Tatars - 6 people
and 28 people do not have data on this item.
An interesting fact is that in the second generation there are more mixed marriages than in the older generation. If exactly the half of the respondents in the older generation were married to Bashkirs, then in the second generation such marriages were only 10. That means in the older generation men preferred to marry representatives of their nationality while in the second generation there is a largest group of mixed marriages with Kazakh women.
Ethnic determinition of children: as we have already noted above in the Bashkir families the father's line dominates. The following results showed what nationality the children from mixed families belong to.
Children of 28 people were Bashkirs.
Children of 15 people were Kazakhs though all the 15 families had one Kazakh parent.
Children of 4 people were Russians though three of these families had one Russian parent and one family had both parents of the Bashkir nationality.
Children of 4 people were Tatars and all the 4 families had one parent who was Tatar.
Children of 2 people were Uzbeks and in both families one parent was Uzbek.
Children of 8 people were Balkars, 6 of these families had one of parents who was Kazakh and the second one was Bashkir, 2 families had both parents who were Bashkirs so why their children were Balkars is not clear.
There were 31 people who did not have any data on this point.
The half, namely 42 people answered that the nationality should be determined by the line of the father. Two answered that the Bashkirs, one person thought it should be at the request of their parents, one person answered that if the father was Bashkir, then a child would be Bashkir, one answered that there could be different situations. There were 42 people who did not have data on this issue.
In our opinion, the Turkic ethnic character of mixed Bashkir families coincides with the era of sovereign Kazakhstan, as well as with the expansion and strengthening of the culture of the Kazakh people and with an orientation to their own Turkic origins and culture.
Religious or cult affiliation: There were 76 people out of 92 Baskir informants who answered that they adhered to the Muslim faith, 2 people belong to Christians, 2 people determined their cult affiliation as religious and 12 people did not answer this question.
Residence and local people of the Republic of Kazakhstan: There were 28 people out of the 92 Bashkir informants from the Aktyubinsk region (Western Kazakhstan), 27 people from the Akmola region (Northern Kazakhstan), 15 people from the Karaganda region (Central Kazakhstan), 4 people from the Kostanai region (Northern Kazakhstan), 4 people from the Northern Kazakhstan region, 3 people from the Dzhambul region (Southern Kazakhstan), 1 person from the Pavlodar region (Northern Kazakhstan) and 10 people did not have any data on that point.
There were 68 Bashkirs out of the 92 people who are the local residents of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 21 people were non-local residents of Kazakhstan. 3 people did not have any information.
Also the informants were asked whether their family were the local residents, and about the dates and the reasons for moving to Kazakhstan. The dates of the resettlement of Tatars in the Republic of Kazakhstan are various, many people in Kazakhstan have grandparents or even great-grandparents who moved a long time ago.
The reasons for the resettlement in the Republic of Kazakhstan are very different, 2 people named the development of virgin lands as the reason for the resettlement, 4 people defined family reasons, 4 people told it happened because of marriage, 3 people were for Buzdyak, 16 people came to work, 1 person at personal will and 2 people were not aware of reasons for resettlement. The main number of people who moved to Kazakhstan was from Bashkiria and Tatarstan.
On the question whether they were going to stay in Kazakhstan or leave, there were 40 people out of the 92 informants of the Bashkirs who answered that they were not going to leave Kazakhstan; 24 people answered that they were going to leave; 28 people did not have data on this question. The reasons for willing to leave Kazakhstan are also very different, many want to leave for work, for education, for improving life conditions and for prospects, many want to go to their homeland, and some mentioned personal reasons like marriage and family circumstances.
Also 14 people out of the 92 informants moved inside the RK, 48 people did not move and 30 people did not have data on this item. The reasons for moving inside Kazakhstan were mainly work, family circumstances, education proposes, entering the university, and also moving from the village.
Some of the informants have family members or relatives who left Kazakhstan. There were those who left to Russia and Ukraine, Germany, Georgia and Canada.
Language of learning (education):
According to the above data in the table, it can be noted that the majority of informants of the Bashkir ethnic group living in Kazakhstan get education in Russian.
Command of the native language and others: out of the 92 informants 86 people considered their native language as the Bashkir language, 2 people indicated the Kazakh, 1 person told it is Russian, 2 people considered their native language as the Tatar language and 1 person had no data.
About the possession of other languages, 59 people answered that they spoke the Kazakh language, 89 people spoke the Russian language, 9 people spoke the Tatar, and 2 people spoke the Uzbek language.
The question which language you usually speak also showed that the majority used mix languages. 24 informants spoke usually the Bashkir, 26 people spoke the Russian, 6 people the Kazakh. 14 people answered that they usually spoke the Russian and the Kazakh, 11 people said they spoke the Bashkir and the Russian; 2 people said that they usually spoke altogether the Kazakh, and the Bashkir and theRussian, one person answered that he usually spoke the Bashkir and the Kazakh.
According to the above data, you can also notice that most of respondents mix the languages. 77 informants confessed that when they spoke their native language they mixed the Kazakh and the Russian.
In addition, questions were asked about knowledge in the literature in native language which was Bashkir. For example, if they know examples of oral fold arts, like fairytales, legends, myths, historical poems of Tatar literature. 34 people answered that they did not know, two responded, that they had read, but did not remember. 38 people answered that they knew, but only some informants could name several works of the Bashkir literature. 6 people answered that they knew "Fairy tales about Horosai and Korosai", "The Tale of Asykel". The two remembered also the "Tale of Abkela". Two were familiar with the work of Salavat Yulayev. 5 people simply answered that they knew different folk Bashkir legends. One person knew the epic "Uras Batyr" and one knew the poem "Saksuk". 18 people do not have any information.
Also 48 informants noted that knowledge of the native language was very important. 29 responded it was just important, 6 said it was not important and 6 people answered absolutely not important. 3 people did not have any data.
At the same time, interviewed informants were asked questions about the distribution of TV programs in their native language in the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 people answered yes, 52 - no, 25 were confused to answer and 3 had no data. And on the question whether there is broadcasting in their native language, two answered yes, 55 - no, 32 found it difficult to answer and 3 did not have data.
On the question whether you use the Internet in your native language, 29 people answered yes, 52 - no, for 7 people it was difficult to answer and 4 had no data. The main amount of negative response rather was associated with a large amount of information in the Internet resources in Russian. On the question whether there are Internet forums, blogs, chats in your native language, 36 people answered yes, 29 - no, 24 were confused to answer and 3 had no data. And on the question whether you write SMS in your native language 39 people answered yes, 43 - no, 7 were confused to answer and 3 had no data, which confirms that the Bashkirs rather use their native language only when communicating with representatives of their nation.
Kazakh land attracted the Bashkirs by the benevolent attitude of the local population, the proximity of the language, the single faith, the similarity of national, sociocultural problems.
The results of the sociocultural analysis showed interesting facts that required further deep reflection and scientific interpretation of the facts on the self-identification of the Bashkir diaspora, the choice of language, cultural archetypes, the degree of education and other questions included in the survey and which was not presented in this article.
Literature
1. S.Akhinzhanov. Kypchaks in the history of medieval Kazakhstan. - Almaty: Gylym, 1995.
2. N. Shaimerdinova. Tatar diaspora in Kazakhstan: sociocultural aspects: Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Literature and culture of Turkic peoples in the East-West context" - Kazan, KFU, 2015. - P.590-601.
3. М. Murzaguzhinov. Tatars in Kazakhstan // Our world. - No. 02-06. - 2007.
4. N. Shaimerdinova, S, Tazhibaeva. Turk languages of Kazakhstan: current state // "Language and Globalization": Collection of Articles of the XVI International Scientific and Theoretical Conference. - Almaty, KazNU, 2013. - P. 58 - 61.
5. N. Shaimerdinova, S, Tazhibaeva, I Nevskaya. Schönig Tatar
Diaspora of Kazakhstan: the first results of sociocultural analysis. - Қазақ лексикографиясы: тарихы, тәжірбесі, болашағы. Халықаралық ғылыми теориялық конференция материалдары – Almaty, 2015. – P. 199-203.
6. www.tmk.kz web-sites
7. www.tuyrki.weebly.com web-sites
8. www.stat.gov.kz
9. http://www.eng.stat.kz
10 http://www.uznaem-kak.ru/baza-dannyx
Command of the native language and others: out of the 92 informants 86 people considered their native language as the Bashkir language, 2 people indicated the Kazakh, 1 person told it is Russian, 2 people considered their native language as the Tatar language and 1 person had no data.
About the possession of other languages, 59 people answered that they spoke the Kazakh language, 89 people spoke the Russian language, 9 people spoke the Tatar, and 2 people spoke the Uzbek language.
The question which language you usually speak also showed that the majority used mix languages. 24 informants spoke usually the Bashkir, 26 people spoke the Russian, 6 people the Kazakh. 14 people answered that they usually spoke the Russian and the Kazakh, 11 people said they spoke the Bashkir and the Russian; 2 people said that they usually spoke altogether the Kazakh, and the Bashkir and theRussian, one person answered that he usually spoke the Bashkir and the Kazakh.
According to the above data, you can also notice that most of respondents mix the languages. 77 informants confessed that when they spoke their native language they mixed the Kazakh and the Russian.
In addition, questions were asked about knowledge in the literature in native language which was Bashkir. For example, if they know examples of oral fold arts, like fairytales, legends, myths, historical poems of Tatar literature. 34 people answered that they did not know, two responded, that they had read, but did not remember. 38 people answered that they knew, but only some informants could name several works of the Bashkir literature. 6 people answered that they knew "Fairy tales about Horosai and Korosai", "The Tale of Asykel". The two remembered also the "Tale of Abkela". Two were familiar with the work of Salavat Yulayev. 5 people simply answered that they knew different folk Bashkir legends. One person knew the epic "Uras Batyr" and one knew the poem "Saksuk". 18 people do not have any information.
Also 48 informants noted that knowledge of the native language was very important. 29 responded it was just important, 6 said it was not important and 6 people answered absolutely not important. 3 people did not have any data.
At the same time, interviewed informants were asked questions about the distribution of TV programs in their native language in the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 people answered yes, 52 - no, 25 were confused to answer and 3 had no data. And on the question whether there is broadcasting in their native language, two answered yes, 55 - no, 32 found it difficult to answer and 3 did not have data.
On the question whether you use the Internet in your native language, 29 people answered yes, 52 - no, for 7 people it was difficult to answer and 4 had no data. The main amount of negative response rather was associated with a large amount of information in the Internet resources in Russian. On the question whether there are Internet forums, blogs, chats in your native language, 36 people answered yes, 29 - no, 24 were confused to answer and 3 had no data. And on the question whether you write SMS in your native language 39 people answered yes, 43 - no, 7 were confused to answer and 3 had no data, which confirms that the Bashkirs rather use their native language only when communicating with representatives of their nation.
Kazakh land attracted the Bashkirs by the benevolent attitude of the local population, the proximity of the language, the single faith, the similarity of national, sociocultural problems.
The results of the sociocultural analysis showed interesting facts that required further deep reflection and scientific interpretation of the facts on the self-identification of the Bashkir diaspora, the choice of language, cultural archetypes, the degree of education and other questions included in the survey and which was not presented in this article.
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N. G. Shaimerdenova