Crimean tatars
The Crimean Tatars of Kazakhstan
The population of the Crimean-Tatar diaspora in Kazakhstan according to the results of the population census:
1970 year – 2023 people
1979 year -834 people
1989 year -3125 people
1999 year - 1007 people
2009 year -1532 people
The main reason for the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars to Kazakhstan is deportation. On May 18, 1944 Crimean Tatars were deported to Kazakhstan (4,286 people), to Uzbekistan (151136), to the Mari Republic, Tajikistan. The Crimean Tatars de facto until 1989 were deprived of the right to return to their historical homeland. In Kazakhstan, Crimean Tatars live in Almaty and Zhambyl regions.
The residence of Crimean Tatars in the territory of Kazakhstan is dispersed; therefore only six respondents took part in the survey. On the answers of six respondents, it is difficult to conduct an objective analysis on all questions of the questionnaire, but it is possible to get a general idea about the language function in everyday life and mastering the native language.
The dominant language among the 6 respondents who participated in the survey is Russian. In a family with children, 1 respondent communicates in Crimean Tatar, 4 respondents in Russian, one respondent replied that adults in the family speak with children only in Russian. In a family with adults in Crimean Tatar speaks 1 respondent, in Russian – 4 respondents. The language of communication at work for 5 respondents is Russian, while one respondent speaks Crimean Tatar and Russian. In the service sphere, preference is given to the Russian language – 5 respondents, 1respondent - use Russian and Crimean-Tatar languages. Representatives of the Crimean Tatar ethnos use Russian in communication with representatives of other ethnic groups. The respondents answered that they were fluent in Russian, Turkish, with difficulties - in Azerbaijani, Kazakh.
The respondents did not answer to the open questions of the questionnaire; they do not know or do not remember the samples of folklore. We believe that this is due to the deportation of a whole nation, who had to survive in new conditions. At that time there were no opportunities to preserve culture and folk traditions.
During the interview, one respondent born in 1947 and living in Taraz noted that the Crimean Tatar language was used as a secret language between parents and the older generation. Parents were afraid for the lives of their children and did not allow them to speak their native language. The children were given to Russian kindergartens, schools. In consequence, the younger generation of the Crimean Tatars was fully integrated into Russian culture.
Public Associations of the Crimean Tatars
On April 22, 2009 in Almaty, the Almaty public association "Vatandash" was founded. Its aim is to unite the Crimean Tatars living in Kazakhstan, study the Crimean-Tatar language, folk traditions, dances, rituals.
The Public Association "Vatandash" is headed by Aliarova Vaspie Ismilovna.
It should be specially noted that the public association "Vatandash" promotes the study and revitalization of the Crimean Tatar language. The classes of the Crimean Tatar language are attended by young and older generations.
The population of the Crimean-Tatar diaspora in Kazakhstan according to the results of the population census:
1970 year – 2023 people
1979 year -834 people
1989 year -3125 people
1999 year - 1007 people
2009 year -1532 people
The main reason for the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars to Kazakhstan is deportation. On May 18, 1944 Crimean Tatars were deported to Kazakhstan (4,286 people), to Uzbekistan (151136), to the Mari Republic, Tajikistan. The Crimean Tatars de facto until 1989 were deprived of the right to return to their historical homeland. In Kazakhstan, Crimean Tatars live in Almaty and Zhambyl regions.
The residence of Crimean Tatars in the territory of Kazakhstan is dispersed; therefore only six respondents took part in the survey. On the answers of six respondents, it is difficult to conduct an objective analysis on all questions of the questionnaire, but it is possible to get a general idea about the language function in everyday life and mastering the native language.
The dominant language among the 6 respondents who participated in the survey is Russian. In a family with children, 1 respondent communicates in Crimean Tatar, 4 respondents in Russian, one respondent replied that adults in the family speak with children only in Russian. In a family with adults in Crimean Tatar speaks 1 respondent, in Russian – 4 respondents. The language of communication at work for 5 respondents is Russian, while one respondent speaks Crimean Tatar and Russian. In the service sphere, preference is given to the Russian language – 5 respondents, 1respondent - use Russian and Crimean-Tatar languages. Representatives of the Crimean Tatar ethnos use Russian in communication with representatives of other ethnic groups. The respondents answered that they were fluent in Russian, Turkish, with difficulties - in Azerbaijani, Kazakh.
The respondents did not answer to the open questions of the questionnaire; they do not know or do not remember the samples of folklore. We believe that this is due to the deportation of a whole nation, who had to survive in new conditions. At that time there were no opportunities to preserve culture and folk traditions.
During the interview, one respondent born in 1947 and living in Taraz noted that the Crimean Tatar language was used as a secret language between parents and the older generation. Parents were afraid for the lives of their children and did not allow them to speak their native language. The children were given to Russian kindergartens, schools. In consequence, the younger generation of the Crimean Tatars was fully integrated into Russian culture.
Public Associations of the Crimean Tatars
On April 22, 2009 in Almaty, the Almaty public association "Vatandash" was founded. Its aim is to unite the Crimean Tatars living in Kazakhstan, study the Crimean-Tatar language, folk traditions, dances, rituals.
The Public Association "Vatandash" is headed by Aliarova Vaspie Ismilovna.
It should be specially noted that the public association "Vatandash" promotes the study and revitalization of the Crimean Tatar language. The classes of the Crimean Tatar language are attended by young and older generations.
Picture 1. The members of the public association of the Crimean Tatars "Vatandash" (Almaty, 2016).
Brief Historical Information
There is no unified opinion on the origin of the Crimean Tatars. Till now the disputes and discussions on their origin are conducted. One of the popular ideas on the Crimean Tatars’ ethno genesis is that the Crimean Tatars are descendants of the Golden Horde who settled on the peninsula in the first half of the 13th century.
In the XIV-XV centuries was founded the Crimean Khanate with its capital in Bakhchisaray. The population of the Khanate consisted of Tatars, who were divided into 3 groups: Steppe Tatars, Piedmont Tatars, Southern Tatars and also Karaites, Krymchaks, Armenians, Greeks speaking Tatar.
At the end of the XVIII century the Crimean Tatars represented the majority of the population of the Crimea (340-400 thousand people), but in the result of migrations to Turkey in 1790 and 1850-60 then they constituted a minority. By the beginning of the twentieth century most of the Crimean Tatars were outside the historical homeland [http://www.mtss.ru/?page=kryims].
The Crimean Tatar Language
The Crimean Tatar language belongs to Kypchak-Polovtsian subgroup of Kypchak languages according to the classification of N.A. Baskakov.
In the Crimean Tatar language are distinguished 3 dialects: the Steppe dialect, the Middle Dialect of the Crimean-Tatar language, the South Coastal dialect.
The South Coastal dialect (Yaliboy) is close to the Turkish language. Researchers note the existence of borrowings from Greek and Italian.
Steppe (Northern, Nogai) dialect refers to Kypchak languages. The languages of the Steppe dialect are close to Nogai-Kypchak languages.
The Middle Dialect (Orta-Elak, Tat) is widespread in the mountainous and foothill regions of the Crimea. Modern literary Crimean Tatar language is based on the Middle Dialect [Izgidinova S., 1982].
The old literary language was developed in the traditions of the Western Old Turkic language and Old Ottoman literary language. The works of Crimean Tatar authors of the XIV-XVIII centuries, as well as of the XIX century, are considered by researchers as general Turkic or Ottoman or even included in the Ottoman classics. One of the classics of the Crimean Tatar and Ottoman literature is Ashik Umer (1621-1707).
[http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Crimean Tatar_
Language_(Crime; _Dobrud].
The folk Kypchak tradition of the Crimean Tatar singing speech for the first time penetrates into the literary language in the poem of Oedipus Efendi "Sefer Nama" ("The Thought on the campaign"), dedicated to the campaign of Islam Giray together with Bogdan Khmelnitsky against Poland.
[http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Крымскотатарский_язык_(Крым;_Добруд]..
The Writing
The Arabic alphabet was used in the Crimean Tatar language until 1927. Traditional writing on the basis of the Arabic alphabet was adapted by Ismail Gasprinsky for the Crimean Tatar language in the late 19th century.
In 1928 the writing was transferred to a new Turkic alphabet – Yanalif and was used until 1938. In 1939 it was shifted to Cyrillic alphabet. In 1990, a gradual transition to the Latinized alphabet was carried out, which was approved by the decision of the Supreme Council of Crimea in 1997. Currently, two variants of writing based on the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are used.
The Cyrillic alphabet for the Crimean Tatar language was developed in 1938:
Аа Бб Вв Гг Гъ гъ Дд Ее Ёё Жж Зз Ии Йй Кк Къкъ Лл Мм Нн Нънъ Оо Пп Рр Сс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Дж дж Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Юю Яя
The Latin alphabet for the Crimean Tatar language has entered into written use in 1992:
Aa Bb Cc Ç ç Dd Tt Ff Gg Ğ ğ Hh I ı İi Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ñ ñ Oo Ö ö Pp Qq Rr Ss Ş ş Tt Uu Ü ü Vv Yy Zz
Literature
1. Izidinova S.R. Foneticheskie i morfologicheskie osobennosti krymskotararskogo jazyka v areal'nom osveshhenii. –Avtoref. diss. ... kand.nauk. – M., 1982.
2. Memetov A.M. Istochniki formirovanija leksiki krymskotatarskogo jazyka.– Tashkent, 1988.
3. Muzafarov R. Krymskotatarskaja jenciklopedija. T.1-2 – Simferopol': Vatan, 1993;
4. Lezina I.N,.Superanskaja A.V. Krym. Geograficheskie nazvanija: Kratkij slovar' – Simferopol': Tavrija-pljus, 1998.
5. http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Крымскотатарский_язык_(Крым;_Добруд
Brief Historical Information
There is no unified opinion on the origin of the Crimean Tatars. Till now the disputes and discussions on their origin are conducted. One of the popular ideas on the Crimean Tatars’ ethno genesis is that the Crimean Tatars are descendants of the Golden Horde who settled on the peninsula in the first half of the 13th century.
In the XIV-XV centuries was founded the Crimean Khanate with its capital in Bakhchisaray. The population of the Khanate consisted of Tatars, who were divided into 3 groups: Steppe Tatars, Piedmont Tatars, Southern Tatars and also Karaites, Krymchaks, Armenians, Greeks speaking Tatar.
At the end of the XVIII century the Crimean Tatars represented the majority of the population of the Crimea (340-400 thousand people), but in the result of migrations to Turkey in 1790 and 1850-60 then they constituted a minority. By the beginning of the twentieth century most of the Crimean Tatars were outside the historical homeland [http://www.mtss.ru/?page=kryims].
The Crimean Tatar Language
The Crimean Tatar language belongs to Kypchak-Polovtsian subgroup of Kypchak languages according to the classification of N.A. Baskakov.
In the Crimean Tatar language are distinguished 3 dialects: the Steppe dialect, the Middle Dialect of the Crimean-Tatar language, the South Coastal dialect.
The South Coastal dialect (Yaliboy) is close to the Turkish language. Researchers note the existence of borrowings from Greek and Italian.
Steppe (Northern, Nogai) dialect refers to Kypchak languages. The languages of the Steppe dialect are close to Nogai-Kypchak languages.
The Middle Dialect (Orta-Elak, Tat) is widespread in the mountainous and foothill regions of the Crimea. Modern literary Crimean Tatar language is based on the Middle Dialect [Izgidinova S., 1982].
The old literary language was developed in the traditions of the Western Old Turkic language and Old Ottoman literary language. The works of Crimean Tatar authors of the XIV-XVIII centuries, as well as of the XIX century, are considered by researchers as general Turkic or Ottoman or even included in the Ottoman classics. One of the classics of the Crimean Tatar and Ottoman literature is Ashik Umer (1621-1707).
[http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Crimean Tatar_
Language_(Crime; _Dobrud].
The folk Kypchak tradition of the Crimean Tatar singing speech for the first time penetrates into the literary language in the poem of Oedipus Efendi "Sefer Nama" ("The Thought on the campaign"), dedicated to the campaign of Islam Giray together with Bogdan Khmelnitsky against Poland.
[http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Крымскотатарский_язык_(Крым;_Добруд]..
The Writing
The Arabic alphabet was used in the Crimean Tatar language until 1927. Traditional writing on the basis of the Arabic alphabet was adapted by Ismail Gasprinsky for the Crimean Tatar language in the late 19th century.
In 1928 the writing was transferred to a new Turkic alphabet – Yanalif and was used until 1938. In 1939 it was shifted to Cyrillic alphabet. In 1990, a gradual transition to the Latinized alphabet was carried out, which was approved by the decision of the Supreme Council of Crimea in 1997. Currently, two variants of writing based on the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are used.
The Cyrillic alphabet for the Crimean Tatar language was developed in 1938:
Аа Бб Вв Гг Гъ гъ Дд Ее Ёё Жж Зз Ии Йй Кк Къкъ Лл Мм Нн Нънъ Оо Пп Рр Сс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Дж дж Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Юю Яя
The Latin alphabet for the Crimean Tatar language has entered into written use in 1992:
Aa Bb Cc Ç ç Dd Tt Ff Gg Ğ ğ Hh I ı İi Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ñ ñ Oo Ö ö Pp Qq Rr Ss Ş ş Tt Uu Ü ü Vv Yy Zz
Literature
1. Izidinova S.R. Foneticheskie i morfologicheskie osobennosti krymskotararskogo jazyka v areal'nom osveshhenii. –Avtoref. diss. ... kand.nauk. – M., 1982.
2. Memetov A.M. Istochniki formirovanija leksiki krymskotatarskogo jazyka.– Tashkent, 1988.
3. Muzafarov R. Krymskotatarskaja jenciklopedija. T.1-2 – Simferopol': Vatan, 1993;
4. Lezina I.N,.Superanskaja A.V. Krym. Geograficheskie nazvanija: Kratkij slovar' – Simferopol': Tavrija-pljus, 1998.
5. http://www.qypchaq.unesco.kz/Turkic_Languages_Rus.htm#_Крымскотатарский_язык_(Крым;_Добруд
Tazhibaeva S.Zh
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