Dolgans
The Dolgans of Kazakhstan
The total number of the Dolgans living in Kazakhstan according to the population census is as follows:
The 1970 year – 17 people
The 1979 year – 18 people
The 1989 year – 56 people
The 1999 year – 25 people
The 2009 year – 3 people
During the international project, it was not possible to find information about the Dolgans living in Kazakhstan.
General information
The self-name is Dolgan Haxa (compare Yakut Saha), as well as тыа киЬитэ, тыалар, муоралар - a man of the tundra, tundroviks( Western Dolgans) (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
The main tribes of Dolgans include Dolgan, Dongot, Edian, Caranto, and Evenki, who fell under the Yakut influence, Tundra peasants (Зату́ндренные крестья́не Zatúndrennye krest’jáne, literally "tundranized peasants"), Yakuts, Enets. Despite this, the Dolgans are sometimes defined as "hunched Tungus" (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
Anthropologically, like the Yakuts, they come close to the Central Asian Mongoloids, but with a certain admixture of the Baikal (Tungus) anthropological type. The Dolgans are defined as the northernmost Turkic-speaking people of the world. The Dolgans are one of the most "young" peoples of the North and the most numerous of the indigenous inhabitants of Taimyr. The first mention of the Dolgans, as one of the peoples of Taimyr, refers to 1841 (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
At present the Dolgans live in Avam, Khatanga and Dudinka districts of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets autonomous district), as well as a small number of Dolgans, lives in the lower reaches of the Yenisei river.
According to the All-Russia Census of 2010, the number of Dolgans in the Russian Federation is 7885 people. Of these, 5,500 people live in the Siberian Federal District: in Krasnoyarsk region - 288 people, in Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District of Krasnoyarsk region (the majority of population) - 5517 people; in Anabar region of the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) of the Far Eastern Federal District - 1906 people; outside the Russian Federation - 32 people.
The Dolgans are Orthodox Christians.
Dolgan calendar - pascal (from the word "Easter eggs") is based on Orthodox holidays. At the same time, the Dolgans, especially those who are engaged in traditional economic activities, often turn to archaic traditional rites (Aksenov N.M, 2001).
The Dolgan language
The Dolgan language (дулгаан тыла, haKa тыла, долган-Ьака тыла) belongs to Yakut subgroup of Uigur-Oguz group of Turkic languages of the Altaic language community. The Dolgan language is spoken by Dolgans - indigenous residents of the Taimyr Autonomous District of the Russian Federation, as well as by a group of aboriginals of Anabarsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), who consider themselves to be dolgans (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
The Dolgan language is distributed in the eastern and central parts of the Taimyr along the Khatanga river (starting from the Khatanga Bay), the Popigai river, the Heta river, and also in the Dudinka Region (administrative Khatanga and Dudinsky Districts). The greatest of the Dolgans is in Khatanga district.
The Dolgan language is one of the local official languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), an exogenous language.
The Dolgan language is one of the less studied languages. The Dolgan language was studied E.I. Ubryatova (1966, 1985). The work of V.M. Nadelyaev "Graphics and Spelling of the Dolgan Language" (Nadelyaev, 1982) is well-known. There are publications on phonetics, graphics, and vocabulary of the Dolgan language (N.P. Beltyukova, T.M. Kosheverova, V.M. Nadelyaev, Z.P. Demyanenko). In the encyclopedic edition "World Languages: Turkic Languages." (Moscow, 1997) was published the article of S.I. Androsova "The Dolgan Language" (A.M. Shcherbak took part in the preparation of the article).
The researchers note that the interaction of words of different origins: Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus, Slavic influenced the formation of Dolgan vocabulary. The most widespread among them are Turkic and Mongolian roots (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
In the Dolgan language the law of vowel harmony is not consistent; there are significant discrepancies in the norms for the use of sounds in a word (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
In the grammar of the Dolgan language there are particular differences, for example in the formation of personal and demonstrative pronouns, the expression of the possessiveness simultaneously morphologically and syntactically (миниэнэ ого-м – my child); the use of the cases (Artemiev NM, 2001).
At present, the Dolgan language is used mainly in everyday communication.
The Dolgan Writing
In 1933 was published a primer in the Yakut language adapted for the Dolgan school. In 1961 small Dolgan texts were published in the newspaper "Soviet Taimyr." In 1973, the first book in the Dolgan language was published - a collection of poems by Dolgan poetess Ogdo Aksenova. In the collection was used the Russian alphabet with additional letters Дь дь, Һ һ, Ҥ ҥ, Нь нь, Ө ө, Ү ү.
Ogdo Aksenova actively studied the problems of the Dolgan script. The first draft of the alphabet O. Aksenova prepared in 1978, which was supported by Novosibirsk philologists. In 1979 the Dolgan alphabet was approved. In one of the schools in Dudinka, at primary school, the experimental training in O. Aksenova’s handwritten alphabet was organized. In 1983, the fourth version of her textbook was published on the rotaprint, which was taught in six schools of Taimyr. In the publishing house "Prosveshchenie" in 1990, the seventh version of the Dolgan primer by Ogdo Aksenova was released (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/).
From the history of the development of the Dolgan writing
In 1979, on the initiative of the Research Institute of National Schools of the Ministry of Education (now the Institute of National Education Problems of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation) in Novosibirsk has held a discussion on the alphabet proposed by Dolgan poet Yevdokia Egorovna (Ogdo) Aksenova. By that time, she had already released several collections of poems on this practical alphabet. The advisory group consisted of the representatives of the sector for the languages of the peoples of Siberia: Professor E.I. Ubryatova, V.M. Nadelyaev - the head of the Laboratory of Experimental and Phonetic Research, the member of the Research Institute of National Schools of the Russian Federation V.N. Parfirev; the teachers of Tomsk Pedagogical Institute and Tomsk State University - Z. P. Demyanenko, N.P. Beltyukova, Т.М. Kosheverova. All of them were involved in the scientific study of the Dolgan language, mainly phonetics and vocabulary (Artemiev NM, 2001).
Having discussed the problems of practical application of the Dolgan alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet, taking into account the scientific research in this language (for example, the research on phonetics by N.P. Beltyukova), the advisory group proposed a draft alphabet for further approval.
The first experimental primer of the Dolgan language was published in 1981 by E.E. Aksenova, A. Barbolina, V.N. Parfireev. In the primer, the authors moved away from the recommendations of the advisory group on the draft alphabet. The linguists, primarily E.I. Ubryatova, did not accept this spelling as not corresponding to the sound system and, as a result, to the internal norms of the Dolgan language. By that time, appeared the results of the Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which were of great importance both in the theoretical aspect and in the practice of language construction of non-written languages, including the Dolgan language (Artemiev NM, 2001).
In 1984, A.E. Aksenova and A. Barbolina released the second "test" ABC book, taking into account the mentioned comments and recommendations. The textbooks, dictionaries, manuals and other books published since 1990 were based on this variant. The introduction of writing in the Dolgan language is considered to be the year of the release of the second primer (published in 1984).
The alphabet of the first Dolgan primer:
А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Дь дь, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, Иэ иэ, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, Ӈ ӈ, Ӈь ӈь, О о, Ө ө, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Уо уо, Ү ү, Үө үө, Ф ф, Х х, Һ һ, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ыа ыа, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я
Literature in the Dolgan language began to appear from the early 70's, in the form of collections of poems by the poetess Ogdo Aksenova. The language was actively functioning in print, in radio programs.
At present, the Dolgan language, like all the languages of the small nationalities of Russia, is not a literary language that serves all spheres of the cultural life of the people. The Dolgan language functions mainly in the field of everyday communication (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
Literature
The total number of the Dolgans living in Kazakhstan according to the population census is as follows:
The 1970 year – 17 people
The 1979 year – 18 people
The 1989 year – 56 people
The 1999 year – 25 people
The 2009 year – 3 people
During the international project, it was not possible to find information about the Dolgans living in Kazakhstan.
General information
The self-name is Dolgan Haxa (compare Yakut Saha), as well as тыа киЬитэ, тыалар, муоралар - a man of the tundra, tundroviks( Western Dolgans) (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
The main tribes of Dolgans include Dolgan, Dongot, Edian, Caranto, and Evenki, who fell under the Yakut influence, Tundra peasants (Зату́ндренные крестья́не Zatúndrennye krest’jáne, literally "tundranized peasants"), Yakuts, Enets. Despite this, the Dolgans are sometimes defined as "hunched Tungus" (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
Anthropologically, like the Yakuts, they come close to the Central Asian Mongoloids, but with a certain admixture of the Baikal (Tungus) anthropological type. The Dolgans are defined as the northernmost Turkic-speaking people of the world. The Dolgans are one of the most "young" peoples of the North and the most numerous of the indigenous inhabitants of Taimyr. The first mention of the Dolgans, as one of the peoples of Taimyr, refers to 1841 (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
At present the Dolgans live in Avam, Khatanga and Dudinka districts of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets autonomous district), as well as a small number of Dolgans, lives in the lower reaches of the Yenisei river.
According to the All-Russia Census of 2010, the number of Dolgans in the Russian Federation is 7885 people. Of these, 5,500 people live in the Siberian Federal District: in Krasnoyarsk region - 288 people, in Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District of Krasnoyarsk region (the majority of population) - 5517 people; in Anabar region of the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) of the Far Eastern Federal District - 1906 people; outside the Russian Federation - 32 people.
The Dolgans are Orthodox Christians.
Dolgan calendar - pascal (from the word "Easter eggs") is based on Orthodox holidays. At the same time, the Dolgans, especially those who are engaged in traditional economic activities, often turn to archaic traditional rites (Aksenov N.M, 2001).
The Dolgan language
The Dolgan language (дулгаан тыла, haKa тыла, долган-Ьака тыла) belongs to Yakut subgroup of Uigur-Oguz group of Turkic languages of the Altaic language community. The Dolgan language is spoken by Dolgans - indigenous residents of the Taimyr Autonomous District of the Russian Federation, as well as by a group of aboriginals of Anabarsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), who consider themselves to be dolgans (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
The Dolgan language is distributed in the eastern and central parts of the Taimyr along the Khatanga river (starting from the Khatanga Bay), the Popigai river, the Heta river, and also in the Dudinka Region (administrative Khatanga and Dudinsky Districts). The greatest of the Dolgans is in Khatanga district.
The Dolgan language is one of the local official languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), an exogenous language.
The Dolgan language is one of the less studied languages. The Dolgan language was studied E.I. Ubryatova (1966, 1985). The work of V.M. Nadelyaev "Graphics and Spelling of the Dolgan Language" (Nadelyaev, 1982) is well-known. There are publications on phonetics, graphics, and vocabulary of the Dolgan language (N.P. Beltyukova, T.M. Kosheverova, V.M. Nadelyaev, Z.P. Demyanenko). In the encyclopedic edition "World Languages: Turkic Languages." (Moscow, 1997) was published the article of S.I. Androsova "The Dolgan Language" (A.M. Shcherbak took part in the preparation of the article).
The researchers note that the interaction of words of different origins: Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus, Slavic influenced the formation of Dolgan vocabulary. The most widespread among them are Turkic and Mongolian roots (Artemiev N.M., 2001).
In the Dolgan language the law of vowel harmony is not consistent; there are significant discrepancies in the norms for the use of sounds in a word (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
In the grammar of the Dolgan language there are particular differences, for example in the formation of personal and demonstrative pronouns, the expression of the possessiveness simultaneously morphologically and syntactically (миниэнэ ого-м – my child); the use of the cases (Artemiev NM, 2001).
At present, the Dolgan language is used mainly in everyday communication.
The Dolgan Writing
In 1933 was published a primer in the Yakut language adapted for the Dolgan school. In 1961 small Dolgan texts were published in the newspaper "Soviet Taimyr." In 1973, the first book in the Dolgan language was published - a collection of poems by Dolgan poetess Ogdo Aksenova. In the collection was used the Russian alphabet with additional letters Дь дь, Һ һ, Ҥ ҥ, Нь нь, Ө ө, Ү ү.
Ogdo Aksenova actively studied the problems of the Dolgan script. The first draft of the alphabet O. Aksenova prepared in 1978, which was supported by Novosibirsk philologists. In 1979 the Dolgan alphabet was approved. In one of the schools in Dudinka, at primary school, the experimental training in O. Aksenova’s handwritten alphabet was organized. In 1983, the fourth version of her textbook was published on the rotaprint, which was taught in six schools of Taimyr. In the publishing house "Prosveshchenie" in 1990, the seventh version of the Dolgan primer by Ogdo Aksenova was released (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/).
From the history of the development of the Dolgan writing
In 1979, on the initiative of the Research Institute of National Schools of the Ministry of Education (now the Institute of National Education Problems of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation) in Novosibirsk has held a discussion on the alphabet proposed by Dolgan poet Yevdokia Egorovna (Ogdo) Aksenova. By that time, she had already released several collections of poems on this practical alphabet. The advisory group consisted of the representatives of the sector for the languages of the peoples of Siberia: Professor E.I. Ubryatova, V.M. Nadelyaev - the head of the Laboratory of Experimental and Phonetic Research, the member of the Research Institute of National Schools of the Russian Federation V.N. Parfirev; the teachers of Tomsk Pedagogical Institute and Tomsk State University - Z. P. Demyanenko, N.P. Beltyukova, Т.М. Kosheverova. All of them were involved in the scientific study of the Dolgan language, mainly phonetics and vocabulary (Artemiev NM, 2001).
Having discussed the problems of practical application of the Dolgan alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet, taking into account the scientific research in this language (for example, the research on phonetics by N.P. Beltyukova), the advisory group proposed a draft alphabet for further approval.
The first experimental primer of the Dolgan language was published in 1981 by E.E. Aksenova, A. Barbolina, V.N. Parfireev. In the primer, the authors moved away from the recommendations of the advisory group on the draft alphabet. The linguists, primarily E.I. Ubryatova, did not accept this spelling as not corresponding to the sound system and, as a result, to the internal norms of the Dolgan language. By that time, appeared the results of the Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which were of great importance both in the theoretical aspect and in the practice of language construction of non-written languages, including the Dolgan language (Artemiev NM, 2001).
In 1984, A.E. Aksenova and A. Barbolina released the second "test" ABC book, taking into account the mentioned comments and recommendations. The textbooks, dictionaries, manuals and other books published since 1990 were based on this variant. The introduction of writing in the Dolgan language is considered to be the year of the release of the second primer (published in 1984).
The alphabet of the first Dolgan primer:
А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Дь дь, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, Иэ иэ, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, Ӈ ӈ, Ӈь ӈь, О о, Ө ө, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Уо уо, Ү ү, Үө үө, Ф ф, Х х, Һ һ, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ыа ыа, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я
Literature in the Dolgan language began to appear from the early 70's, in the form of collections of poems by the poetess Ogdo Aksenova. The language was actively functioning in print, in radio programs.
At present, the Dolgan language, like all the languages of the small nationalities of Russia, is not a literary language that serves all spheres of the cultural life of the people. The Dolgan language functions mainly in the field of everyday communication (Artemiev N.M, 2001).
Literature
- Artemiev N.M. Dolganskij jazyk: Strukturno-semanticheskij sravnitel'nyj analiz. Avtoref. … na soiskanie uch. stepeni d-ra filol.n. – Sankt-Peterburg, 2001. – 85 s.
- Nadelyaev V.M. Grafika i orfografija dolganskogo jazyka // Jeksperimental'naja fonetika sibirskih jazykov. — Novosibirsk, 1982.-S. 3-50.
- Ubrjatova E.I. O jazyke dolgan // Jazyki i fol'klor narodov sibirskogo Severa. — M.; JL, 1966).
- Ubryatova E.I. Jazyk noril'skih dolgan. - Novosibirsk, 1985.
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
Tashibayeva S.Zh.