Nogais
Brief historical background
The total number of Nogais is 81851 people (2010), of which about 90% recognized Nogai as a native language.
Self-name Nogai is associated with the name of the 13th-century Golden Horde ruler Nogai. Anthropologically Nogais belong to the South-Siberian (Turanian) transitional race. They are of Sunni Islam.
The earliest data about the Nogai and the Nogai Horde are found in Russian sources - chronicles and embassy books – of 1479, 1481 and 1486 years, in West European sources - on the map of Martin Waldzeemuller in 1516 and in the letter of the Polish King Sigismund I to the Crimean Khan Mengli-Giray in 1514.
The Nogai Horde, located on the territory of the left bank of the Lower Volga, the Southern Urals, Western and Central Kazakhstan, at the end of the XV-XVI centuries was one of the leading political forces of Eurasia. The founder of the ruling dynasty in the Nogai Horde is the prominent figure of the Golden Horde Yedigei, who was the past the ruler of the Ulus of Juchi in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. After the death of Yedigei in 1420, his son Gazi became his successor and the rule in the Mangyt yurt by the will of his father [Akhmetzyanov M. http://tatarica.narod.ru/history/tarih/nogai240904.htm. ].
The main subethnic groups of the Nogais are: the Qara-Nogais (Dagestan Republic), Achikulak Nogais (Stavropol region), the Aknogais (Karachay-Cherkessia) and the Astrakhan Nogais.
The Nogai language
The Nogai language (Nogai Tili, Nogaisha) is the language of the Nogais, who live mainly in the Stavropol region, Dagestan, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, and the Astrakhan Region. In Russia 87.1 thousand people speak in Nogai, including 81 851 Nogais (according to the census of 2010).
According to N.A. Baskakov's classification, the Nogai language belongs to Kypchak-Nogai subgroup of the north-western (Kypchak) group of Turkic languages. In the Nogai language there are 3 dialects: Nogai (Stavropol region), Qara-Nogai (Dagestan) and Ak Nogais (Karachay-Cherkessia). Astrakhan Nogai dialect occupies a separate position.
Writing
There are three stages in the history of the Nogai writing:
- based on Arabic letters (until 1928);
- based on Latin alphabet (1928-1938);
- based on Cyrillic alphabet (since 1938).
Modern Nogai writingt is based on Cyrillic alphabet.
Folklore
The rich folklore of Nogais is still poorly researched. Many legends, fairy tales, poems, epic, custom and traditions of Nogai are intertwined with Kazakh. They include tales and legends: "Ertostik", "Zhirenshe Sheshen", "Aldar Kosse", as well as epic poems "Alpamys", "Koblandy", "Kambar", "Er Targin", "Er Kosay", "Er Sayin", "Yedige", "Er Zhabai", "Yer Shora","Orak"; "Mamai "," 40 Batyrs of Crimea ", etc. In 1883, Kumyk poet Magomed Osmanov wrote poems of Nogai akyns that are close to the Kazakhs: Asankaygy, songs of Syrym, Shalghiyiz, Dosmambet, Zhiembet, Kaztugan and others [http: //kazakh-tv .kz / en / view / news_kazakhstan/page_185431_kakie-skhodstva-i-razlichiya-est-mezhdu-kazakhami-i-nogaits].
NOGAI CULTURAL CENTER IN ASTANA
In 1999, under the auspices of President N.А. Nazarbayev, the archeological center "Кhan's stake - Sarayshyk" was opened at the site of the excavation of the medieval settlement - Saraychik, the former historical capital of the Nogai horde.
The work on the revitalization of the activities of public associations is being carried on.
In July 2008, the public association "Nogai cultural center" was established in Astana. The center is headed by the honored worker of culture, poet and composer Sultanbekov Аrslanbek.
The goal of the cultural center is to preserve, develop the culture, language and ethnic identity of the Nogais residing in the Republic of Kazakhstan; assistance in the revival and strengthening of historical and cultural ties of Nogais and Kazakh people, as well as other peoples living in the republic.
Main activities:
Dynamics of Nogai diaspora population in Kazakhstan by the results of census:1970 - 155 people.
1979 -236 people.
1989 -539 people.
1999 - 350 people.
2009 - 276 people.
[Agency of the RK on Statistics, 2010].
ANALYSIS OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF NOGAIS ON THE RESULTS OF THE SURVEY
In the questionnaire, conducted within the framework of the international project, 30 people, the representatives of Nogai diaspora took part. These 30 respondents (100%) define themselves as Nogais.
Among them according to the passport, 11 people (36.7%) were recorded as Nogais; 10 (33.3%) - Tatars; 7 (23.3%) - Kazakhs; 1 (3.3%) - Turk; 1 (3.3%) - no data.
In marriage, Nogais prefer to marry to the representatives of their ethnic group, but there are also representatives of other nationalities. The analysis of the conducted survey showed the following:
In 30 respondents (100%) fathers by nationality are Nogais. The nationality of the mothers of the respondents is represented by different nationalities. Mothers' nationality in 19 respondents (63.3%) nogay, mother 7 (23.3%) - Kazakhs; 3 (10%) - Russian and 1 resident. (3.3%) - the Tatar.
The fathers of all 30 respondents (100 %) are Nogais.
The nationality of the mothers is represented by different nationalities. The mothers of 19 respondents (63.3%) are Nogais, mothers of 7 respondents (23,3%) are Kazakhs, 3 (10 %) are Russians; 1 (3,3%) is Tatar.
Thus, the nationality of the respondents who participated in the questionnaire was determined by their fathers’ side who are Nogais. The mothers’ nationality is represented by various Turkic ethic groups (Kazakh, Tatar) and other ethnic groups (Russian).
In mixed Nogai families, the dominant position in the family is taken by a man. In ethnic self-determination, the dominant marker, regardless of ethnos, is the father's line; therefore the nationality of children is determined by the father's nationality. However, 3 respondents also pointed out the mother's nationality (10%).
The nationality of children in mixed marriages is represented by the following data:
17 (56.7%) of children in such marriages were recorded as Nogais;
3 respondents (10%) - Kazakhs,
1 respondent (3.3%) – another nationality,
And no data about 9 respondents (30%).
According to the results of the survey, among 30 Nogais interviewed, 23.3% of women and 70% of men by ethnicity identify themselves as Nogais.
An analysis of the language spoken in the family with preschool children:
18 (60%) - only in Kazakh language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai;
1 (3.3%) - only in Russian;
2 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
5 (16.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
3 (10%) - no data.
An analysis of the language spoken in the family with school children:
18 (60%) - only in Kazakh language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Russian;
5 (16.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
1 (2%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
4 (13.3%) - no data
Analysis of the language spoken in the family with adults:
3 (10%) - only in Kazakh language;
2 (6.7%) - only in Nogai language;
2 (6.7%) - only in Russian;
2 (6.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
2 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
2 (6.7%) - in Kazakh, Nogai and Russian languages;
17 (56.7%) - no data.
According to the survey the language that is used by respondents to communicate with people of other nationalities:
17 (56.7%) - only in Kazakh language;
3 (10%) - only in Russian;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai language;
6 (20%) - in Kazakh and Russian languages;
1 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
2 (6.7%) - no data.
The dominant language used in the family with children and with people of other nationalities is Kazakh.
Languages:
5 people (16.7%) speak fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - read fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - write fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - understand fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
18 people (60%) read books, newspapers, magazines and ads fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
18 people (60%) - they understand better lectures, talks, reports, TV programs and radio programs in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
17 people (56.7%) - they understand better listening to concerts, watching performances in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
9 people (30%) - answered that they do not need to explain in their native language films in Kazakh and Russian.
The analysis of the language block showed that for Nogais, the Kazakh language is the dominant language for communicating with representatives of other nationalities. Nogais know the state (Kazakh) and official (Russian) language languages very well. They are fluent in native (Nogai) language.
Religious identity: Islam - 14 people. (46.7%), 16 people. (53.3%) - no data.
Historically, the Nogai were engaged in cattle breeding. The hand craft was aslo well developed. All kinds of handicraft production were mainly associated with processing of leather and sheepskin as well as the manufacture of cloth, felt, from which were made boots, hats. In the XVIII century the Nogais already had such specialists as curriers, saddlers, furriers, blacksmiths. Somewhat later, locksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, and jewelers were widely spread. Hunting played a significant role in the life of the Nogais. Many of them went to work in the nearest villages while harvesting grapes orcorn and wheat [http://kazakh-tv.kz/ru/view/news_kazakhstan/page_185431_kakie-skhodstva-i-razlichiya-est-mezhdu-kazakhami-i-nogaits].
Nowdays according to the results of the questionnaire among the representatives of the Nogai ethnos, there are:
employees in the service sector - 4 people (13.3%);
civil servants - 1 person (3.3%)
teachers - 1 person (3.3%);
student - 1 person (3.3%);
workers - 1 person (3.3%);
another - 3 people (10%),
19 respondents (63.3%) - no data.
From the interviewed 30 respondents of the Nogai ethnos to the question "Was your family deported to Kazakhstan" answered:
«No» - 11 respondents (36.7%),
«Yes» 16 respondents (53.3%),
no data - 3 respondents (10%).
As for the folk art, the respondents remember fairy tales and legends told by their grandmothers and grandfathers. Among them are: the fairy tale "Kok tobe", the song "Berdazi", the legend of Kara-bapii". As for the national traditions, the respondents note common features with the Kazakh traditions. The most distinguishing are: "Besik zhyry", "Indyr Shopai", "Sabantoy".
Kazakhstani Nogais believe that there is no conflict between Kazakhs and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan.
Nogais living in the Zhambyl region
The village of Besagash is a polyethnic district in the Zhambyl region. Representatives of various ethnic groups live here: Kazakhs, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Nogais. Nogais live in this region for more than 250 years (1770-1780). They were prosperous farmers, traders. The older generation of Nogais during the interview (15.01.2016 in the village of Besagash, Zhambyl region) told that аfter the establishment of the Soviet power, all the Nogais living in the village Besagash were registered аs Tatars.
The change in their nationality in the passport was explained by the fact that there is no such nationality as Nogai. However, the older generation told the younger generation that they are Nogais. They strictly observe the covenants of their ancestors. They know their genealogy, they do not marry tо the representatives of the same tribe. The respondents noted belonging to the following tribes: ujsun-nogaj, kojas, kazan kulak, kos tanbaly, najman, kal'merden.
The younger generation is registered in the passports Nogais. Especially we would like to note the work of Alisher Azimbaev, the teacher of the history of Taraz school, gymnasium №8, who is doing a lot of work to restore the history of the Nogais living in Zhambyl region.
Besagash Nogais with the Honored Worker of Culture R. Kurmanakaev (September, 2016).
The total number of Nogais is 81851 people (2010), of which about 90% recognized Nogai as a native language.
Self-name Nogai is associated with the name of the 13th-century Golden Horde ruler Nogai. Anthropologically Nogais belong to the South-Siberian (Turanian) transitional race. They are of Sunni Islam.
The earliest data about the Nogai and the Nogai Horde are found in Russian sources - chronicles and embassy books – of 1479, 1481 and 1486 years, in West European sources - on the map of Martin Waldzeemuller in 1516 and in the letter of the Polish King Sigismund I to the Crimean Khan Mengli-Giray in 1514.
The Nogai Horde, located on the territory of the left bank of the Lower Volga, the Southern Urals, Western and Central Kazakhstan, at the end of the XV-XVI centuries was one of the leading political forces of Eurasia. The founder of the ruling dynasty in the Nogai Horde is the prominent figure of the Golden Horde Yedigei, who was the past the ruler of the Ulus of Juchi in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. After the death of Yedigei in 1420, his son Gazi became his successor and the rule in the Mangyt yurt by the will of his father [Akhmetzyanov M. http://tatarica.narod.ru/history/tarih/nogai240904.htm. ].
The main subethnic groups of the Nogais are: the Qara-Nogais (Dagestan Republic), Achikulak Nogais (Stavropol region), the Aknogais (Karachay-Cherkessia) and the Astrakhan Nogais.
The Nogai language
The Nogai language (Nogai Tili, Nogaisha) is the language of the Nogais, who live mainly in the Stavropol region, Dagestan, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, and the Astrakhan Region. In Russia 87.1 thousand people speak in Nogai, including 81 851 Nogais (according to the census of 2010).
According to N.A. Baskakov's classification, the Nogai language belongs to Kypchak-Nogai subgroup of the north-western (Kypchak) group of Turkic languages. In the Nogai language there are 3 dialects: Nogai (Stavropol region), Qara-Nogai (Dagestan) and Ak Nogais (Karachay-Cherkessia). Astrakhan Nogai dialect occupies a separate position.
Writing
There are three stages in the history of the Nogai writing:
- based on Arabic letters (until 1928);
- based on Latin alphabet (1928-1938);
- based on Cyrillic alphabet (since 1938).
Modern Nogai writingt is based on Cyrillic alphabet.
Folklore
The rich folklore of Nogais is still poorly researched. Many legends, fairy tales, poems, epic, custom and traditions of Nogai are intertwined with Kazakh. They include tales and legends: "Ertostik", "Zhirenshe Sheshen", "Aldar Kosse", as well as epic poems "Alpamys", "Koblandy", "Kambar", "Er Targin", "Er Kosay", "Er Sayin", "Yedige", "Er Zhabai", "Yer Shora","Orak"; "Mamai "," 40 Batyrs of Crimea ", etc. In 1883, Kumyk poet Magomed Osmanov wrote poems of Nogai akyns that are close to the Kazakhs: Asankaygy, songs of Syrym, Shalghiyiz, Dosmambet, Zhiembet, Kaztugan and others [http: //kazakh-tv .kz / en / view / news_kazakhstan/page_185431_kakie-skhodstva-i-razlichiya-est-mezhdu-kazakhami-i-nogaits].
NOGAI CULTURAL CENTER IN ASTANA
In 1999, under the auspices of President N.А. Nazarbayev, the archeological center "Кhan's stake - Sarayshyk" was opened at the site of the excavation of the medieval settlement - Saraychik, the former historical capital of the Nogai horde.
The work on the revitalization of the activities of public associations is being carried on.
In July 2008, the public association "Nogai cultural center" was established in Astana. The center is headed by the honored worker of culture, poet and composer Sultanbekov Аrslanbek.
The goal of the cultural center is to preserve, develop the culture, language and ethnic identity of the Nogais residing in the Republic of Kazakhstan; assistance in the revival and strengthening of historical and cultural ties of Nogais and Kazakh people, as well as other peoples living in the republic.
Main activities:
- development of the culture of the Nogai people;
- development of the activity of Nogais in the Republic of Kazakhstan, their participation in strengthening friendship between the peoples of Kazakhstan;
- charity and peacekeeping;
- - participation in events held under the auspices of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan;
- protection of cultural, economic, social rights and freedoms.
Dynamics of Nogai diaspora population in Kazakhstan by the results of census:1970 - 155 people.
1979 -236 people.
1989 -539 people.
1999 - 350 people.
2009 - 276 people.
[Agency of the RK on Statistics, 2010].
ANALYSIS OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF NOGAIS ON THE RESULTS OF THE SURVEY
In the questionnaire, conducted within the framework of the international project, 30 people, the representatives of Nogai diaspora took part. These 30 respondents (100%) define themselves as Nogais.
Among them according to the passport, 11 people (36.7%) were recorded as Nogais; 10 (33.3%) - Tatars; 7 (23.3%) - Kazakhs; 1 (3.3%) - Turk; 1 (3.3%) - no data.
In marriage, Nogais prefer to marry to the representatives of their ethnic group, but there are also representatives of other nationalities. The analysis of the conducted survey showed the following:
In 30 respondents (100%) fathers by nationality are Nogais. The nationality of the mothers of the respondents is represented by different nationalities. Mothers' nationality in 19 respondents (63.3%) nogay, mother 7 (23.3%) - Kazakhs; 3 (10%) - Russian and 1 resident. (3.3%) - the Tatar.
The fathers of all 30 respondents (100 %) are Nogais.
The nationality of the mothers is represented by different nationalities. The mothers of 19 respondents (63.3%) are Nogais, mothers of 7 respondents (23,3%) are Kazakhs, 3 (10 %) are Russians; 1 (3,3%) is Tatar.
Thus, the nationality of the respondents who participated in the questionnaire was determined by their fathers’ side who are Nogais. The mothers’ nationality is represented by various Turkic ethic groups (Kazakh, Tatar) and other ethnic groups (Russian).
In mixed Nogai families, the dominant position in the family is taken by a man. In ethnic self-determination, the dominant marker, regardless of ethnos, is the father's line; therefore the nationality of children is determined by the father's nationality. However, 3 respondents also pointed out the mother's nationality (10%).
The nationality of children in mixed marriages is represented by the following data:
17 (56.7%) of children in such marriages were recorded as Nogais;
3 respondents (10%) - Kazakhs,
1 respondent (3.3%) – another nationality,
And no data about 9 respondents (30%).
According to the results of the survey, among 30 Nogais interviewed, 23.3% of women and 70% of men by ethnicity identify themselves as Nogais.
An analysis of the language spoken in the family with preschool children:
18 (60%) - only in Kazakh language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai;
1 (3.3%) - only in Russian;
2 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
5 (16.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
3 (10%) - no data.
An analysis of the language spoken in the family with school children:
18 (60%) - only in Kazakh language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai language;
1 (3.3%) - only in Russian;
5 (16.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
1 (2%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
4 (13.3%) - no data
Analysis of the language spoken in the family with adults:
3 (10%) - only in Kazakh language;
2 (6.7%) - only in Nogai language;
2 (6.7%) - only in Russian;
2 (6.7%) in Kazakh and Russian;
2 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
2 (6.7%) - in Kazakh, Nogai and Russian languages;
17 (56.7%) - no data.
According to the survey the language that is used by respondents to communicate with people of other nationalities:
17 (56.7%) - only in Kazakh language;
3 (10%) - only in Russian;
1 (3.3%) - only in Nogai language;
6 (20%) - in Kazakh and Russian languages;
1 (6.7%) - in Nogai and Russian languages;
2 (6.7%) - no data.
The dominant language used in the family with children and with people of other nationalities is Kazakh.
Languages:
5 people (16.7%) speak fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - read fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - write fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (10%) - understand fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
18 people (60%) read books, newspapers, magazines and ads fluently in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian;
18 people (60%) - they understand better lectures, talks, reports, TV programs and radio programs in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
17 people (56.7%) - they understand better listening to concerts, watching performances in Nogai, Kazakh and Russian languages;
9 people (30%) - answered that they do not need to explain in their native language films in Kazakh and Russian.
The analysis of the language block showed that for Nogais, the Kazakh language is the dominant language for communicating with representatives of other nationalities. Nogais know the state (Kazakh) and official (Russian) language languages very well. They are fluent in native (Nogai) language.
Religious identity: Islam - 14 people. (46.7%), 16 people. (53.3%) - no data.
Historically, the Nogai were engaged in cattle breeding. The hand craft was aslo well developed. All kinds of handicraft production were mainly associated with processing of leather and sheepskin as well as the manufacture of cloth, felt, from which were made boots, hats. In the XVIII century the Nogais already had such specialists as curriers, saddlers, furriers, blacksmiths. Somewhat later, locksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, and jewelers were widely spread. Hunting played a significant role in the life of the Nogais. Many of them went to work in the nearest villages while harvesting grapes orcorn and wheat [http://kazakh-tv.kz/ru/view/news_kazakhstan/page_185431_kakie-skhodstva-i-razlichiya-est-mezhdu-kazakhami-i-nogaits].
Nowdays according to the results of the questionnaire among the representatives of the Nogai ethnos, there are:
employees in the service sector - 4 people (13.3%);
civil servants - 1 person (3.3%)
teachers - 1 person (3.3%);
student - 1 person (3.3%);
workers - 1 person (3.3%);
another - 3 people (10%),
19 respondents (63.3%) - no data.
From the interviewed 30 respondents of the Nogai ethnos to the question "Was your family deported to Kazakhstan" answered:
«No» - 11 respondents (36.7%),
«Yes» 16 respondents (53.3%),
no data - 3 respondents (10%).
As for the folk art, the respondents remember fairy tales and legends told by their grandmothers and grandfathers. Among them are: the fairy tale "Kok tobe", the song "Berdazi", the legend of Kara-bapii". As for the national traditions, the respondents note common features with the Kazakh traditions. The most distinguishing are: "Besik zhyry", "Indyr Shopai", "Sabantoy".
Kazakhstani Nogais believe that there is no conflict between Kazakhs and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan.
Nogais living in the Zhambyl region
The village of Besagash is a polyethnic district in the Zhambyl region. Representatives of various ethnic groups live here: Kazakhs, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Nogais. Nogais live in this region for more than 250 years (1770-1780). They were prosperous farmers, traders. The older generation of Nogais during the interview (15.01.2016 in the village of Besagash, Zhambyl region) told that аfter the establishment of the Soviet power, all the Nogais living in the village Besagash were registered аs Tatars.
The change in their nationality in the passport was explained by the fact that there is no such nationality as Nogai. However, the older generation told the younger generation that they are Nogais. They strictly observe the covenants of their ancestors. They know their genealogy, they do not marry tо the representatives of the same tribe. The respondents noted belonging to the following tribes: ujsun-nogaj, kojas, kazan kulak, kos tanbaly, najman, kal'merden.
The younger generation is registered in the passports Nogais. Especially we would like to note the work of Alisher Azimbaev, the teacher of the history of Taraz school, gymnasium №8, who is doing a lot of work to restore the history of the Nogais living in Zhambyl region.
Besagash Nogais with the Honored Worker of Culture R. Kurmanakaev (September, 2016).
Besagash Nogais with the Honored Worker of Culture R. Kurmanakaev (September, 2016).
|
Meeting of the participants of the international project with representatives of Nogai ethnic group living in the village Besagash of Zhambyl region (01.01.2016).
|
Participants of the international project, students and undergraduates of the specialty of Turkology of L.N. Gumilyov ENU during the meeting with representatives of the Nogai ethnic group, village Besagash of Zhambyl region 15.01.2016.
|
Meeting of the participants of the international project with representatives of Nogai ethnic group living in the village Besagash of Zhambyl region (01.01.2016).
Participants of the international project, students and undergraduates of the specialty of Turkology of L.N. Gumilyov ENU during the meeting with representatives of the Nogai ethnic group, village Besagash of Zhambyl region 15.01.2016.
Literature:
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics. Archive: The national population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its oblasts (volume 1) The population by regions, cities and regions, gender and individual age groups, and individual ethnic groups on January 1, 2010.
Ahmetzjanov Marsel'. Sud'ba Nogajskoj Ordy http://tatarica.narod.ru/history/tarih/nogai240904.htm
Narody i religii mira: Enciklopedija / Gl. red. V.A. Tishkov. Redkol.: O.Ju.Artemova, S.A.Arutjunov, A.N.Kozhanovskij, V.M.Makarevich (zam. gl. red.), V.A.Popov, P.I.Puchkov (zam. gl. red.), G.Ju.Sitnjanskij. — M.: Bol'shaja Rossijskaja enciklopedija, 1998, — 928 s.: il. — ISBN 5-85270-155-6
http://kazakh-tv.kz/ru/view/news_kazakhstan/page_185431_kakie-skhodstva-i-razlichiya-est-mezhdu-kazakhami-i-nogaits
https://ok.ru/group/50312231649332/topic/64454314896180
http://e-center.asia/ru/news/view?id=4828
Tazhibayeva S.Zh.