Turkmens
The formation of the multinational composition of the population on the territory of modern Kazakhstan began in the middle of the XV century, under the Kazakh Khanate, when the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs from the Turkic and partly Mongolian tribes was completed. Further, until the beginning of the XX century, the Kazakhs were absolutely dominant in the population of Kazakhstan. More than 130 national groups live in Kazakhstan. The Turkmen diaspora is one of the many Turkic diasporas in Kazakhstan.
Brief Historical Background
Turkmens are Turkic-speaking people of ancient Oguz origin, constituting the main population of Turkmenistan, and also traditionally residing in Afghanistan and northeastern Iran. The Turkmen diaspora lives in almost all CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, where according to the latest census in 2009 there are about 2,234 representatives of the Turkmen diaspora.
The Turkmen diaspora of Kazakhstan has been living on the territory of the country since ancient times, and in its way of life and culture it is very similar to the Kazakh people. These two peoples are also linked by their common history, as the Kazakh-Turkmen relations take their roots since ancient times, especially the close ties with the tribes of the Junior Zhuz (Kishi Zhuz).
Among the Kazakh and Turkmen families there are many identical: tazlar, shihlar, tana kerey (gerey), sary, tokhtamys (tokhtamysh). The ethnogenesis of these peoples also involved the tribes of the Karluks and Kipchaks. The sedentary Iranian-speaking population of the oases also had a significant influence on the formation of the Turkmen people.
Turkmens since ancient times lived in the neighborhood with the Kazakhs on the shores of the Caspian Sea. According to the legend: "The Turkmens and Kazakhs were related to each other. Foremother of the Adaic clan Kosay was a Turkmen woman Ogyl-Menli. When the old Kosai lost his family at the crossing of the Chu River, his Turkmen friend came first to him and gave him his young daughter. Hence this clan is also called Turkmen aday". Such territorial proximity was always accompanied by the proximity of traditions, customs, religion, historical destinies. After demarcation of the borders in the 20s of the last century, many Turkmens remained on the territory of the Mangystau region. Part of the current Kazakhstanis of Turkmen origin stayed here after military service and development of virgin land. Some stayed after their release from the dungeons of KARLAG. Today, many mixed Kazakh-Turkmen families live in Kazakhstan.
The number of Turkmens and their places of residence
The majority of Turkmens live in the southern and central regions bordering with Turkmenistan. According to the results of the survey, the Turkmens have been resettled in the following way, 46.9% (15 people) of Turkmens live in the Zhambyl region, 18.8% (6 people) in the Akmola region, 15.6% (5 people) in the South Kazakhstan region, 12.5% (4 people) in the Almaty region. Thus, the majority of the Turkmen diaspora is concentrated in the south of the country. 50% of the respondents, which accounted for 16 people, were born in their historical homeland in Turkmenistan, 6.3% (2 people) were born in Kazakhstan and only 3.1% (1 person) in Uzbekistan; the country of birth of 12.5 % (4 people) of respondents' mothers is Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Tatarstan are mentioned as their mothers' birthplace by 3.1% (1 person) of respondents each, the remaining 81.3% (26 people) did not answer the question, and the father's country of 15.6 % (5 people) of respondents is Turkmenistan and for 3.1% (1 person) it is Kazakhstan, the remaining 81.3% (26 people) did not answer the question.
The Turkmen diaspora population number dynamics in Kazakhstan according to the results of population censuses:
1970 – 3,265 people
1979 – 2,241 people
1989 – 3,718 people
1999 – 1,729 people
2009 – 2,234 people.
National-cultural associations of Turkmens and support of their language and culture
In Kazakhstan, the Turkmen Public Cultural Center (Almaty), Mangystau, Kostanay and Karaganda national cultural centers are functioning, they actively participate in the activities of the Assembly of the Nation of Kazakhstan. Sunday schools are organized in the ethnocultural centers. The aims and objectives are to expand the knowledge of the native Turkmen language and master the Kazakh language. Turkmen public and cultural centers of the Republic of Kazakhstan actively publish various works. In 2000, the collection of works by the classic Turkmen poet Makhtumkuli Fragi was translated and published in Kazakh, and in 2004-2005 "Rukhnama" by Saparmurat Niyazov was translated. In 2002 and 2004, the books of Academician K.N. Amanniyazov "Mangistau - the Fatherland" and "Turkmen Mangyshlak" were published.
The language situation
The Turkmen language is included in the Oghuz subgroup of the Turkic languages. According to the morphological type it belongs to agglutinative languages, according to its grammatical structure, the Turkmen language is one of the synthetic languages. On the territory of Kazakhstan, Turkmens often use Russian-Turkmen or Kazakh-Turkmen bilingualism.
Statistical analysis of the socio-linguistic situation of Turkmens based on the results of the survey
The interaction of the Turkic languages and cultures in post-Soviet Kazakhstan within the framework of the international project has been studied through methods of interviews, filling out and analyzing questionnaires.
The conducted researches within the framework of the project showed that the majority of respondents do not have enough information about the reasons and time of their ancestors relocation to the territory of Kazakhstan. Therefore, the majority of respondents consider themselves to be indigenous residents of Kazakhstan, 14 (43.8%) answered - no, 18 (56.3%) - did not answer, only 4 respondents (0.9%) answered - yes to the question "Was your family deported to Kazakhstan" out of the 32 surveyed people belonging to the Turkmen ethnic group.
Ethnicity: 32 people interviewed are Turkmens.
Ethnic self-determination: 28 (87.5%) respondents identify themselves as Turkmens, 2 (6.3%) consider themselves to be Uzbeks, and 2 (6.3%) respondents have no data.
28 respondents (93.3%) out of 32 have been registered as Turkmens by their passports, the remaining 4 people (6.7%) left no data;
Father's nationality: 30 people (93.8%) - Turkmens, 2 people's (6.3%) fathers are Uzbeks.
Mother's nationality, it was 5 nationalities: 20 people's mothers (62.5%) are Turkmens; 5 (15.6%) respondents' mothers are Uzbeks; 5 (15.6%) - Kazakhs; 1 person's mother (3.1%) is Azerbaijani, and one rspondent's mother is Tatar.
According to the results of the survey, among the 32 surveyed Turkmens, 47% (15 people) of women and 41% (13 people) of men by ethnicity identify themselves as Turkmen, 6.3% consider themselves Uzbeks (2 people), 6.3% (2 people) - no data. The results of the survey also showed that the head of the family mainly belongs to the Turkmen diaspora, that is, the nationality of the father in 93.8% of the respondents is Turkmen, and only 6.3% of the respondents are fathers representing Uzbek diaspora. Whereas only 62.5% of the respondents have mothers belonging to the Turkmen ethnic group, the rest 15.6% respondents' mothers are Kazakh and one person's mother is Turkish and one respondent's mother is of Uzbek nationality. But, nevertheless, children take their father's nationality, since by self-determination the majority of respondents consider themselves to be Turkmens.
Currently, it is common to see mixed marriages, Turkmens mostly get married to the representatives of the titular nation, which is confirmed by the results of the survey: the nationality of the spouse, the spouse of 18.8% of the respondents are Kazakhs and only 9.4% are married to the Turkmen, and a small proportion accounted for representatives of Uzbek and Russian nationality.
Nationality of children:
7 (21.9%) children in such marriages were recorded as Turkmens;
3 people (9.4%) were recorded as Kazakhs,
1 person (3.1%) - Uzbeks,
21 (65.6%) - no data available.
Currently, the issue of linguistic policy in Kazakhstan is quite acute. Despite the measures taken to strengthen the status of the state language, the official Russian language still holds a leading position in all spheres of communication. Proof of this are the results of the survey, which showed that Russian is predominantly used in families for communication with preschool children, adults and at work.
Analysis of the survey showed the following:
8 (25%) speak Turkmen and Russian;
6 (18.8%) speak Kazakh, Russian and Turkmen;
4 (12.5%) speak only Russian;
3 (9.4%) speak the Turkmen and Kazakh languages;
2 (6.3%) - speak Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek;
1 person (3.1%) - speaks Kazakh, Turkmen and Russian; 1 person speaks only Uzbek ; 1 person speaks Turkish and Turkmen.
1 person (3.1%) - no data
Analysis of the language they use in a family to communicate with schoolchildren:
12 (37.5%) - only the Turkmen language;
9 (28.1%) - only Russian;
5 (15.6%) - the Russian and Turkmen languages;
2 (6.3%) - only the Kazakh language;
1 person (3.1%) - the Kazakh, Turkmen and Russian languages; 1 person - only Uzbek; 1 person - Azerbaijani, Russian and Turkish;
2 (6.3%) - no data available.
Analysis of the language spoken in the family to communicate with adults:
9 (28.1%) - only the Turkmen language;
9 (28.1%) - the Russian and Turkmen languages;
5 (15.6%) - only Russian;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh and Turkmen languages;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh, Russian and Turkmen languages;
1 person. (3.1%) - the Kazakh and Russian languages; 1 person - only Uzbek; 1 person - Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek.
Analysis of a language used to communicate with the representatives of the other nationalities:
10 (31.3%) - only Russian;
8 (25%) - the Kazakh and Russian languages;
4 (12.5%) - only the Turkmen language;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh language;
2 (6.25%) - the Turkmen and Russian languages;
1 person (3.1%) - Russian and Uzbek; 1 person - Kazakh, Russian and English; 1 person - Kazakh, Turkish, Turkmen, Russian and English;
2 (6.25%) - no data available.
Respondents from different age groups took part in the survey, so we must take into account the fact that the older generation representatives in the Soviet Union were educated mainly in Russian. Over 50% of respondents got pre-school and primary education in Russian the rest were educated in thr other languages, including 6.3% respondents who were educated in Kazakh.
Among the Turkmen diaspora in Kazakhstan, Russian-Turkmen bilingualism is quite common, and in some cases even multilingualism takes place (Russian, Kazakh and native language), depending on the nationality of the parents. According to the sociological survey, it can be concluded that Turkmens have a good command of their native language and apply it in various spheres of communication, along with official Russian and Kazakh state language. But still when choosing a language for communication, preference is given to the Russian language.
So, the analysis of the survey showed the following:
6 people (18.8%) speak freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (9.4%) - read freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
2 people (6.3%) - write freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
7 people (21.8%) - understand freely the Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
8 people (25%) read books, newspapers, magazines and announcements freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
4 people (12.5%) can listen to lectures, talks, reports, TV programs and radio programs and understand them in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
6 people (18.8%) attend concerts, watch performances in the Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
17 people (53.1%) - answered that they can watch films in Kazakh and Russian without explanation in their native language.
Turkmens living in Kazakhstan profess Islam of Sunni origin; thus, 90.6% (29 people) of respondents noted that they adhere to Islam, only 1 person from the respondents indicated agnosticism, which is 3.1% of respondents, and 2 people gave no data.
Distribution by occupation at the time of questioning showed that Turkmens are involved in various spheres of the country's economy:
11 people (34.4%) are students;
7 people (21.9%) - other;
6 people (18.8%) are unemployed;
3 people (9.4%) - civil servants;
3 people (9.4%) - teachers;
2 people (6.3%) - employees in the service sector;
The results of the survey showed that the older generation of the Turkmen diaspora in Kazakhstan is a solid mass of intelligent people, as 43.8% of the mothers of respondents received higher education, 28.1% - secondary vocational, and 21.9% - primary. Fathers of 56.3% respondents also got higher education, 31.3% received secondary vocational, 9.4% - primary and 3.1% postgraduate education.
The Turkmen people attach great importance to poetry and oral folk art. Turkmen folklore is rich and diverse. Folk art is passed on from generation to generation, and it is not surprising that Kazakhstani Turkmen remember patterns of oral folk art, outstanding figures of literature, etc. In the course of the survey, the respondents mentioned the epos: "Koroglu", "Harmandali", a fairy tale: Yarty Gulok, epic and literary and folkloric monuments of the Turkic peoples: Gorkut ata and Yusup-Zlikha, outstanding Turkmen poets: Makhtymguly, Mollanepes.
Turkmens of Kazakhstan are engaged in folk-applied art, jewelry art, carpet weaving, metalworking, woodworking, leather and fur business, ceramic production, silk-weaving, artistic embroidery. The most common customs among Turkmen are the celebrations on the occasion of circumcision ("sunnet toi"), on the occasion of the birth of a child ("ogul Toyi"), the first shave of the child's head ("sach toyy"), on the occasion of achieving the age of the prophet Mohammad ("piigamber toi"), weddings ("nikha toyi").
At the end of the survey, the question "What would you like to add to your answers? Perhaps, you have wishes regarding the publication of books and newspapers in your native language, cultural and educational work, schooling" some respondents (10 people) wrote the following:
- It would be good to publish newspapers and magazines in our native language - 1 person (3.1%);
- to publish more literature in the Kazakh language - 1 person (3.1%);
- It is very important to know your native language - 1 (3.1%)
- I would like Kazakhs to know the Turkmen literature - 1 person (3.1%);
- I would like to watch Turkmen films with Kazakh subtitles - 1 person (3.1%);
- "I am happy that Kazakhstan is interested in my country, literature" - 1 person (3.1%);
- Nothing added - 4 (12.5%).
Turkmens of Kazakhstan have already been living in Kazakh land for many years, and consider themselves to be a part of the Kazakh nation, as from immemorial time these people live as good neighbors and are united by a common history, common culture. The Turkmen diaspora of Kazakhstan makes a feasible contribution to strengthening of interethnic concord and stability in the country, the development of democracy and formation of Kazakh patriotism.
Literature
1. Electronic resource: http://stat.kz/
2. Electronic resource: hhttp://www.inform.kz/ru/assambleya-naroda-kazahstana-vystupaet-kak-uspeshnyy-social-nyy-institut-gul-nara-annakulieva_a2768725ttp://gazetaingosh.ro
3. Ethnographic map of Kazakhstan (ethno-demographic aspect) .- Astana: RSE "House of Friendship - Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations", 2007.- p. 86
Brief Historical Background
Turkmens are Turkic-speaking people of ancient Oguz origin, constituting the main population of Turkmenistan, and also traditionally residing in Afghanistan and northeastern Iran. The Turkmen diaspora lives in almost all CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, where according to the latest census in 2009 there are about 2,234 representatives of the Turkmen diaspora.
The Turkmen diaspora of Kazakhstan has been living on the territory of the country since ancient times, and in its way of life and culture it is very similar to the Kazakh people. These two peoples are also linked by their common history, as the Kazakh-Turkmen relations take their roots since ancient times, especially the close ties with the tribes of the Junior Zhuz (Kishi Zhuz).
Among the Kazakh and Turkmen families there are many identical: tazlar, shihlar, tana kerey (gerey), sary, tokhtamys (tokhtamysh). The ethnogenesis of these peoples also involved the tribes of the Karluks and Kipchaks. The sedentary Iranian-speaking population of the oases also had a significant influence on the formation of the Turkmen people.
Turkmens since ancient times lived in the neighborhood with the Kazakhs on the shores of the Caspian Sea. According to the legend: "The Turkmens and Kazakhs were related to each other. Foremother of the Adaic clan Kosay was a Turkmen woman Ogyl-Menli. When the old Kosai lost his family at the crossing of the Chu River, his Turkmen friend came first to him and gave him his young daughter. Hence this clan is also called Turkmen aday". Such territorial proximity was always accompanied by the proximity of traditions, customs, religion, historical destinies. After demarcation of the borders in the 20s of the last century, many Turkmens remained on the territory of the Mangystau region. Part of the current Kazakhstanis of Turkmen origin stayed here after military service and development of virgin land. Some stayed after their release from the dungeons of KARLAG. Today, many mixed Kazakh-Turkmen families live in Kazakhstan.
The number of Turkmens and their places of residence
The majority of Turkmens live in the southern and central regions bordering with Turkmenistan. According to the results of the survey, the Turkmens have been resettled in the following way, 46.9% (15 people) of Turkmens live in the Zhambyl region, 18.8% (6 people) in the Akmola region, 15.6% (5 people) in the South Kazakhstan region, 12.5% (4 people) in the Almaty region. Thus, the majority of the Turkmen diaspora is concentrated in the south of the country. 50% of the respondents, which accounted for 16 people, were born in their historical homeland in Turkmenistan, 6.3% (2 people) were born in Kazakhstan and only 3.1% (1 person) in Uzbekistan; the country of birth of 12.5 % (4 people) of respondents' mothers is Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Tatarstan are mentioned as their mothers' birthplace by 3.1% (1 person) of respondents each, the remaining 81.3% (26 people) did not answer the question, and the father's country of 15.6 % (5 people) of respondents is Turkmenistan and for 3.1% (1 person) it is Kazakhstan, the remaining 81.3% (26 people) did not answer the question.
The Turkmen diaspora population number dynamics in Kazakhstan according to the results of population censuses:
1970 – 3,265 people
1979 – 2,241 people
1989 – 3,718 people
1999 – 1,729 people
2009 – 2,234 people.
National-cultural associations of Turkmens and support of their language and culture
In Kazakhstan, the Turkmen Public Cultural Center (Almaty), Mangystau, Kostanay and Karaganda national cultural centers are functioning, they actively participate in the activities of the Assembly of the Nation of Kazakhstan. Sunday schools are organized in the ethnocultural centers. The aims and objectives are to expand the knowledge of the native Turkmen language and master the Kazakh language. Turkmen public and cultural centers of the Republic of Kazakhstan actively publish various works. In 2000, the collection of works by the classic Turkmen poet Makhtumkuli Fragi was translated and published in Kazakh, and in 2004-2005 "Rukhnama" by Saparmurat Niyazov was translated. In 2002 and 2004, the books of Academician K.N. Amanniyazov "Mangistau - the Fatherland" and "Turkmen Mangyshlak" were published.
The language situation
The Turkmen language is included in the Oghuz subgroup of the Turkic languages. According to the morphological type it belongs to agglutinative languages, according to its grammatical structure, the Turkmen language is one of the synthetic languages. On the territory of Kazakhstan, Turkmens often use Russian-Turkmen or Kazakh-Turkmen bilingualism.
Statistical analysis of the socio-linguistic situation of Turkmens based on the results of the survey
The interaction of the Turkic languages and cultures in post-Soviet Kazakhstan within the framework of the international project has been studied through methods of interviews, filling out and analyzing questionnaires.
The conducted researches within the framework of the project showed that the majority of respondents do not have enough information about the reasons and time of their ancestors relocation to the territory of Kazakhstan. Therefore, the majority of respondents consider themselves to be indigenous residents of Kazakhstan, 14 (43.8%) answered - no, 18 (56.3%) - did not answer, only 4 respondents (0.9%) answered - yes to the question "Was your family deported to Kazakhstan" out of the 32 surveyed people belonging to the Turkmen ethnic group.
Ethnicity: 32 people interviewed are Turkmens.
Ethnic self-determination: 28 (87.5%) respondents identify themselves as Turkmens, 2 (6.3%) consider themselves to be Uzbeks, and 2 (6.3%) respondents have no data.
28 respondents (93.3%) out of 32 have been registered as Turkmens by their passports, the remaining 4 people (6.7%) left no data;
Father's nationality: 30 people (93.8%) - Turkmens, 2 people's (6.3%) fathers are Uzbeks.
Mother's nationality, it was 5 nationalities: 20 people's mothers (62.5%) are Turkmens; 5 (15.6%) respondents' mothers are Uzbeks; 5 (15.6%) - Kazakhs; 1 person's mother (3.1%) is Azerbaijani, and one rspondent's mother is Tatar.
According to the results of the survey, among the 32 surveyed Turkmens, 47% (15 people) of women and 41% (13 people) of men by ethnicity identify themselves as Turkmen, 6.3% consider themselves Uzbeks (2 people), 6.3% (2 people) - no data. The results of the survey also showed that the head of the family mainly belongs to the Turkmen diaspora, that is, the nationality of the father in 93.8% of the respondents is Turkmen, and only 6.3% of the respondents are fathers representing Uzbek diaspora. Whereas only 62.5% of the respondents have mothers belonging to the Turkmen ethnic group, the rest 15.6% respondents' mothers are Kazakh and one person's mother is Turkish and one respondent's mother is of Uzbek nationality. But, nevertheless, children take their father's nationality, since by self-determination the majority of respondents consider themselves to be Turkmens.
Currently, it is common to see mixed marriages, Turkmens mostly get married to the representatives of the titular nation, which is confirmed by the results of the survey: the nationality of the spouse, the spouse of 18.8% of the respondents are Kazakhs and only 9.4% are married to the Turkmen, and a small proportion accounted for representatives of Uzbek and Russian nationality.
Nationality of children:
7 (21.9%) children in such marriages were recorded as Turkmens;
3 people (9.4%) were recorded as Kazakhs,
1 person (3.1%) - Uzbeks,
21 (65.6%) - no data available.
Currently, the issue of linguistic policy in Kazakhstan is quite acute. Despite the measures taken to strengthen the status of the state language, the official Russian language still holds a leading position in all spheres of communication. Proof of this are the results of the survey, which showed that Russian is predominantly used in families for communication with preschool children, adults and at work.
Analysis of the survey showed the following:
8 (25%) speak Turkmen and Russian;
6 (18.8%) speak Kazakh, Russian and Turkmen;
4 (12.5%) speak only Russian;
3 (9.4%) speak the Turkmen and Kazakh languages;
2 (6.3%) - speak Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek;
1 person (3.1%) - speaks Kazakh, Turkmen and Russian; 1 person speaks only Uzbek ; 1 person speaks Turkish and Turkmen.
1 person (3.1%) - no data
Analysis of the language they use in a family to communicate with schoolchildren:
12 (37.5%) - only the Turkmen language;
9 (28.1%) - only Russian;
5 (15.6%) - the Russian and Turkmen languages;
2 (6.3%) - only the Kazakh language;
1 person (3.1%) - the Kazakh, Turkmen and Russian languages; 1 person - only Uzbek; 1 person - Azerbaijani, Russian and Turkish;
2 (6.3%) - no data available.
Analysis of the language spoken in the family to communicate with adults:
9 (28.1%) - only the Turkmen language;
9 (28.1%) - the Russian and Turkmen languages;
5 (15.6%) - only Russian;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh and Turkmen languages;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh, Russian and Turkmen languages;
1 person. (3.1%) - the Kazakh and Russian languages; 1 person - only Uzbek; 1 person - Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek.
Analysis of a language used to communicate with the representatives of the other nationalities:
10 (31.3%) - only Russian;
8 (25%) - the Kazakh and Russian languages;
4 (12.5%) - only the Turkmen language;
3 (9.4%) - the Kazakh language;
2 (6.25%) - the Turkmen and Russian languages;
1 person (3.1%) - Russian and Uzbek; 1 person - Kazakh, Russian and English; 1 person - Kazakh, Turkish, Turkmen, Russian and English;
2 (6.25%) - no data available.
Respondents from different age groups took part in the survey, so we must take into account the fact that the older generation representatives in the Soviet Union were educated mainly in Russian. Over 50% of respondents got pre-school and primary education in Russian the rest were educated in thr other languages, including 6.3% respondents who were educated in Kazakh.
Among the Turkmen diaspora in Kazakhstan, Russian-Turkmen bilingualism is quite common, and in some cases even multilingualism takes place (Russian, Kazakh and native language), depending on the nationality of the parents. According to the sociological survey, it can be concluded that Turkmens have a good command of their native language and apply it in various spheres of communication, along with official Russian and Kazakh state language. But still when choosing a language for communication, preference is given to the Russian language.
So, the analysis of the survey showed the following:
6 people (18.8%) speak freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
3 people (9.4%) - read freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
2 people (6.3%) - write freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
7 people (21.8%) - understand freely the Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
8 people (25%) read books, newspapers, magazines and announcements freely in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian;
4 people (12.5%) can listen to lectures, talks, reports, TV programs and radio programs and understand them in Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
6 people (18.8%) attend concerts, watch performances in the Turkmen, Kazakh and Russian languages;
17 people (53.1%) - answered that they can watch films in Kazakh and Russian without explanation in their native language.
Turkmens living in Kazakhstan profess Islam of Sunni origin; thus, 90.6% (29 people) of respondents noted that they adhere to Islam, only 1 person from the respondents indicated agnosticism, which is 3.1% of respondents, and 2 people gave no data.
Distribution by occupation at the time of questioning showed that Turkmens are involved in various spheres of the country's economy:
11 people (34.4%) are students;
7 people (21.9%) - other;
6 people (18.8%) are unemployed;
3 people (9.4%) - civil servants;
3 people (9.4%) - teachers;
2 people (6.3%) - employees in the service sector;
The results of the survey showed that the older generation of the Turkmen diaspora in Kazakhstan is a solid mass of intelligent people, as 43.8% of the mothers of respondents received higher education, 28.1% - secondary vocational, and 21.9% - primary. Fathers of 56.3% respondents also got higher education, 31.3% received secondary vocational, 9.4% - primary and 3.1% postgraduate education.
The Turkmen people attach great importance to poetry and oral folk art. Turkmen folklore is rich and diverse. Folk art is passed on from generation to generation, and it is not surprising that Kazakhstani Turkmen remember patterns of oral folk art, outstanding figures of literature, etc. In the course of the survey, the respondents mentioned the epos: "Koroglu", "Harmandali", a fairy tale: Yarty Gulok, epic and literary and folkloric monuments of the Turkic peoples: Gorkut ata and Yusup-Zlikha, outstanding Turkmen poets: Makhtymguly, Mollanepes.
Turkmens of Kazakhstan are engaged in folk-applied art, jewelry art, carpet weaving, metalworking, woodworking, leather and fur business, ceramic production, silk-weaving, artistic embroidery. The most common customs among Turkmen are the celebrations on the occasion of circumcision ("sunnet toi"), on the occasion of the birth of a child ("ogul Toyi"), the first shave of the child's head ("sach toyy"), on the occasion of achieving the age of the prophet Mohammad ("piigamber toi"), weddings ("nikha toyi").
At the end of the survey, the question "What would you like to add to your answers? Perhaps, you have wishes regarding the publication of books and newspapers in your native language, cultural and educational work, schooling" some respondents (10 people) wrote the following:
- It would be good to publish newspapers and magazines in our native language - 1 person (3.1%);
- to publish more literature in the Kazakh language - 1 person (3.1%);
- It is very important to know your native language - 1 (3.1%)
- I would like Kazakhs to know the Turkmen literature - 1 person (3.1%);
- I would like to watch Turkmen films with Kazakh subtitles - 1 person (3.1%);
- "I am happy that Kazakhstan is interested in my country, literature" - 1 person (3.1%);
- Nothing added - 4 (12.5%).
Turkmens of Kazakhstan have already been living in Kazakh land for many years, and consider themselves to be a part of the Kazakh nation, as from immemorial time these people live as good neighbors and are united by a common history, common culture. The Turkmen diaspora of Kazakhstan makes a feasible contribution to strengthening of interethnic concord and stability in the country, the development of democracy and formation of Kazakh patriotism.
Literature
1. Electronic resource: http://stat.kz/
2. Electronic resource: hhttp://www.inform.kz/ru/assambleya-naroda-kazahstana-vystupaet-kak-uspeshnyy-social-nyy-institut-gul-nara-annakulieva_a2768725ttp://gazetaingosh.ro
3. Ethnographic map of Kazakhstan (ethno-demographic aspect) .- Astana: RSE "House of Friendship - Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations", 2007.- p. 86
Zhazbekova Zh.A
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