Tuvans
The Tuvinians. The total population of the Tuva diaspora in Kazakhstan:
1970 - 85 people
1979 - 182 people
1989 - 129 people
1999 - 35 people
2009 - 37 people
The Tuva language is the official language of the Republic of Tuva, the exogenous language of the Tuvan diaspora in Kazakhstan.
The reason for the resettlement of Tuvinians to Kazakhstan is not clear. In 2015, the members of the project conducted a field study in the East Kazakhstan region in village Uryankhay. The participant of the project from the German side M. Rind-Pavlovski knew from her informants (ethnic Tuvinians) living in China that their relatives live in the East Kazakhstan region. They asked her to establish contacts with the relatives. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find the representatives of the Tuva ethnos in the East Kazakhstan region.
Results of sociolinguistic analysis
Within the framework of the international project, 7 ethnic Tuvans were interviewed.
At present, they are residents of the South Kazakhstan region (3respondents - 42.9%), 1 respondent (14.3%) lives in the Akmola region, about the residence of 3 respondents (42.9%) there is no data.
It is difficult to conduct an objective analysis on all questions of the questionnaire on the answers of seven respondents, but it is possible to get a general idea of the function of languages in everyday life and, in particular, mastering their native language.
Of the 7 respondents who participated in the survey, 4 - are students, 3 - entrepreneurs. The fathers' nationality among all 7 respondents is Tuvinian. The Republic of Tuva is the father’s birthplace of 2 respondents (28.6%), Kazakhstan is the father’s birthplace of 1 respondent (14.3%), and about the father's birthplace of 4 respondents (75.1%), there is no data. The Mothers of 2 respondents (28.6%) were born in Tuva, 1 respondent’s mother (14.3) - in Kazakhstan, and about the mother's birthplace of 4 respondents (57.1%), there is no data.
The respondents answered that they know the Tuvan language. Adults in the family speak with schoolchildren in Russian and Tuvan - 2 (28.6%); 1 (14.3%) - in Russian; 3 (42.9%) - in Russian and Uygur. 1 respondent (14.3%) - speaks fluently Kazakh, Tuvan, Turkish; 1 respondent (14,%) - speaks fluently Russian; 2 respondents (28.6%) - speak fluently Russian and Tuvan; 3 (42.9%) - speak fluently Russian and Uygur. The language of communication at work is Russian. With people of other nationalities, 5 respondents (71.4%) speak in Russian, 1 respondent (14.3) - in Russian and Tuvan, 1 respondent (14.3%) - in Kazakh. The answers of the last two respondents can be explained by the fact that they are the students of Akhmet Yassawi International University. (Turkestan, South Kazakhstan).
In a family with children, 2 respondents communicate in Kazakh and Russian, 1 respondent - only in Russian. In a family with adults 2 respondents communicate in Altai and Russian languages, 1 respondent is Kazakh-Russian bilingual. The language of communication at work for two respondents is Kazakh, Russian, while one respondent speaks only Russian. In the service field, the Russian language is preferred. From the oral folk art, the respondents remember ‘Buyan Badyrgy, Hayyryn Bot, Makpadyr, Heraegen, Magpis’ (Буян Бадыргы, Хайырын Бот, Макпаадыр, Херээжен, Магпыс). They celebrate such religious rituals as "Cleansing from evil spirits", "Feeding the owner of the forest", as well as new holidays that appeared in Tuva for example Easter.
The Tuva people: general information
Tuvinians are the indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva, which is a part of the Russian Federation. Tuvinians also live in the south of the Krasnoyarsk region, in the Northwest Mongolia and in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China [History of Tuva 2001: 3].
The self-name of Tuvinians is Tyva. In the past, were used the ethnonyms: Soyots, Soyons, Uryankhay people. Mainly the Tuvinians live in the Republic of Tuva - 198.4 thousand people. (1989). Ethnic Tuvans also live in Mongolia (25 thousand people), in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (3 thousand people). In the Russian Federation in 1989 were 206.2 thousand Tuvinians. The total number of Tuvinians in 1989 was 235,000.
Tuvans are divided into two ethnographic groups: western Tuvinians (mountain-steppe regions of western, central and southern Tuva) and eastern, or Tuva-Todzhans (the mountain-taiga part of north-eastern and southeastern of Tuva). Tuva-Todzhans make up about 5% of all Tuvinians. The Tuvans are characterized by the Central Asian Mongoloid racial type.
Tuvan language
The Tuvan language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. Tuvinian language, according to the most common genealogical classification of N.A. Baskakov, along with the ancient Turkic and modern Tofalar languages refers to the Uigur-Tukuyu d-subgroup of the Uigur-Oguz group of the Eastern Hunan branch of the Turkic languages [1969: 315-323]. Another classification proposed by the authors of the "Comparative-Historical Grammar of the Turkic Languages" combines the Tuvinian language, together with the Tofalar language and dialects of the Tuvinians of North-West Mongolia (Monchaks), into a separate group - the Toba or Uryankhai group. These languages form an independent branch within the Siberian languages [СИГТЯ (SIGTYA) 2002: 5, 727].
According to the researchers, the Tuvan language (together with Tofalar) is the closest to the Old Oguz and Old Uigur languages [Baskakov 1969: 317; Kormushin 2002: 602]. In its vocabulary and grammatical structure, there are parallels with the language of the Orkhon-Yenisei and Old Uigur monuments [Baskakov 1969: 317; Nadelyaev 1989: 3-10; Rassadin 1971: 147; Ubryatova 1985; Shirobokova 2001].
Tuvan language is the result of the crossing of the Türkic language with the language of aborigines living on the territory of Tuva, where the Turkic fеаtures dominated [Cheremisina 2002: 234]. It is believed that the Tuvan language arose as a result of the turkicization of aboriginal tribes by the ancient Uighurs, and the Uighur-Turkic basis was preserved to a greater extent [Nadelyaev 1986: 59; SIGTYA 2002: 602].
Many Turkic languages and dialects greatly influenced the Tuvan language. Since the XIII century before the beginning of the XX century, the Tuvan language experienced a prolonged Mongolian language influence. It differently affected the various layer (parts) of the Tuvan language, especially in vocabulary, where a powerful layer of Mongolian borrowings was noted. Since the end of the XIX century, the influence of the Russian language has been fixed, which continues to the present day.
Dialects of Tuvan language
Tuvan language has dialects: central, western, southeastern, northeast (Todzha). The writing of the Tuvinians is based on Russian graphics.
Religion
Religion: Buddhism of the Lamaist branch, shamanism. The Tuvinian believers are mostly Buddhist Lamaists, pre-Buddhist cults and shamanism are also preserved. In the formation of the Tuvan ethnic community, various groups of ancient aborigines of Siberia, related to modern Samoyeds, Kets, Mongols, and Turks played a great role.
The beliefs of the Tuvinians have preserved the ancient family-clan cults, which manifest mainly veneration of the home. Shamanism has also preserved among the Tuvinians. For shamanistic representations of the world, the three-part division of the world is characteristic. The official religion of Tuvans - Lamaism - in recent years is experiencing a revival. Lamaist monasteries with monks who are educated in the religious centers of Buddhism are being established again. The religious holidays are held more often.
Main types of economic activities
The main type of economic activity of Tuvinians was nomadic cattle breeding. The main areas of its distribution were the dry steppes of central and southwestern Tuva. The agriculture was also practiced but on a limited scale. Tuvans of the steppe districts bred sheep, cattle, horses, goats, and camels.
Among the Tuvinians in the north and north-eastern forest areas of Tuva, the predominant sectors of the economy were hunting and reindeer herding. Reindeer herding in the north-eastern regions of Tuva was of a pastoral character.
The fishery was an important sector, mainly in forestry economies. The fish were caught with the help of nets, fishing rods with wooden hooks. The economy of the Tuvinians was of a natural character and for their own use and consumption, not for sale.
The Tuvinians of the steppe regions lived in a felt-trellised yurt, similar to the Buryat yurt. The Tuvinians of the taiga regions lived in a conical hut - "alachik", like the Evenk dwelling.
Traditional clothes, food ration, social structure of Tuvinians
The traditional clothes of the Tuvinians had much in common with the clothes of the neighboring Buryats. They also had a long dressing gown with a smell on the right side and two clasps (on the shoulder and under the armpit), belted with a cloth sash, for the men's and women's suit. Male and female suits differed in hats and ornaments. Among the Tuvinians-Todzhans, the main material for clothing was skin and suede. In some places, they still have clothes resembling of Evenk's trade clothes.
In the food ration of Tuvinians, the main place belonged to dairy and meat products. For example, they prepare a drink made from fermented cow's milk - "hoyglak"("хойглак"), as well as various types of products from curdled milk of cow, deer, sheep, and goat. The meat was used mostly in boiled form, meat and blood sausages were prepared. In winter they cooked meat soup.Fried grain of millet ate with tea and cooked porridge from millet. Tea was drunk with milk, cream, cheese, and salt.
In the social life, the so-called aala communities - family-related groups - comprised usually from three to five or six families (the father's family and the family of married sons and children), who roamed together, forming stable groups of aalas, in the summer they merged into larger neighboring communities. The small monogamous family predominated, although until the 1920s. Among the rich cattle owners, there were noticed polygamy.
Literature
Baskakov N.A. Vvedenie v izuchenie tjurkskih jazykov. – M., 1969 – 383 s.
Istorija Tyvy. T.1. 2- e izd. pererab. i dop. – pod obshhej redakciej S.I.Vajnshtejna, M.H.Mannaj-oola. – Novosibirsk, 2001. – 367 s.
Kondrat'ev V.G. Ob otnoshenii jazyka pamjatnikov orhono-enisejskoj pis'mennosti k jazyku drevneujgurskih pamjatnikov. – Sov. Tjurkologija. – 1973. - №3. – S.26.
Nadeljaev V.M. U istokov tuvinskogo jazyka – Issledovanija po tuvinskoj filologii. – Kyzyl, 1986. – S. 53-63.
Rassadin V.I. Problemy obshhnosti v tjurkskih jazykah sajano-altaja – Tjurkologicheskij sbornik – 1977. – S. M.:Nauka, 1981. – S. 219-231.
Rassadin V.I. Fonetika i leksika tofolarskogo jazyka. – Ulan-Udje: Burjat kN. Izd-vo, 1971. – 252 s.
Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov. Regional'nye rekonstrukcii. – M.:Nauka, 2002. – 767 s.
Ubrjatova E.I. Istoricheskaja grammatika jakutskogo jazyka. – Jakutsk, 1985.
Shirobokova N.N. Otnoshenie jakutskogo jazyka k tjurkskim jazykam Juzhnoj Sibiri. – Novosibirsk:Nauka, 2005.
Cheremisina M. I. Jazyki korennyh narodov Sibiri. Izdanie vtoroe, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. Trudy gumanitarnogo fakul'teta. Serija V. Uchebniki i uchebnye posobija. Novosibirsk: Redakcionno-izdatel'skij centr NGU, 2006. Soavtor: Tazranova A. R.
1970 - 85 people
1979 - 182 people
1989 - 129 people
1999 - 35 people
2009 - 37 people
The Tuva language is the official language of the Republic of Tuva, the exogenous language of the Tuvan diaspora in Kazakhstan.
The reason for the resettlement of Tuvinians to Kazakhstan is not clear. In 2015, the members of the project conducted a field study in the East Kazakhstan region in village Uryankhay. The participant of the project from the German side M. Rind-Pavlovski knew from her informants (ethnic Tuvinians) living in China that their relatives live in the East Kazakhstan region. They asked her to establish contacts with the relatives. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find the representatives of the Tuva ethnos in the East Kazakhstan region.
Results of sociolinguistic analysis
Within the framework of the international project, 7 ethnic Tuvans were interviewed.
At present, they are residents of the South Kazakhstan region (3respondents - 42.9%), 1 respondent (14.3%) lives in the Akmola region, about the residence of 3 respondents (42.9%) there is no data.
It is difficult to conduct an objective analysis on all questions of the questionnaire on the answers of seven respondents, but it is possible to get a general idea of the function of languages in everyday life and, in particular, mastering their native language.
Of the 7 respondents who participated in the survey, 4 - are students, 3 - entrepreneurs. The fathers' nationality among all 7 respondents is Tuvinian. The Republic of Tuva is the father’s birthplace of 2 respondents (28.6%), Kazakhstan is the father’s birthplace of 1 respondent (14.3%), and about the father's birthplace of 4 respondents (75.1%), there is no data. The Mothers of 2 respondents (28.6%) were born in Tuva, 1 respondent’s mother (14.3) - in Kazakhstan, and about the mother's birthplace of 4 respondents (57.1%), there is no data.
The respondents answered that they know the Tuvan language. Adults in the family speak with schoolchildren in Russian and Tuvan - 2 (28.6%); 1 (14.3%) - in Russian; 3 (42.9%) - in Russian and Uygur. 1 respondent (14.3%) - speaks fluently Kazakh, Tuvan, Turkish; 1 respondent (14,%) - speaks fluently Russian; 2 respondents (28.6%) - speak fluently Russian and Tuvan; 3 (42.9%) - speak fluently Russian and Uygur. The language of communication at work is Russian. With people of other nationalities, 5 respondents (71.4%) speak in Russian, 1 respondent (14.3) - in Russian and Tuvan, 1 respondent (14.3%) - in Kazakh. The answers of the last two respondents can be explained by the fact that they are the students of Akhmet Yassawi International University. (Turkestan, South Kazakhstan).
In a family with children, 2 respondents communicate in Kazakh and Russian, 1 respondent - only in Russian. In a family with adults 2 respondents communicate in Altai and Russian languages, 1 respondent is Kazakh-Russian bilingual. The language of communication at work for two respondents is Kazakh, Russian, while one respondent speaks only Russian. In the service field, the Russian language is preferred. From the oral folk art, the respondents remember ‘Buyan Badyrgy, Hayyryn Bot, Makpadyr, Heraegen, Magpis’ (Буян Бадыргы, Хайырын Бот, Макпаадыр, Херээжен, Магпыс). They celebrate such religious rituals as "Cleansing from evil spirits", "Feeding the owner of the forest", as well as new holidays that appeared in Tuva for example Easter.
The Tuva people: general information
Tuvinians are the indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva, which is a part of the Russian Federation. Tuvinians also live in the south of the Krasnoyarsk region, in the Northwest Mongolia and in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China [History of Tuva 2001: 3].
The self-name of Tuvinians is Tyva. In the past, were used the ethnonyms: Soyots, Soyons, Uryankhay people. Mainly the Tuvinians live in the Republic of Tuva - 198.4 thousand people. (1989). Ethnic Tuvans also live in Mongolia (25 thousand people), in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (3 thousand people). In the Russian Federation in 1989 were 206.2 thousand Tuvinians. The total number of Tuvinians in 1989 was 235,000.
Tuvans are divided into two ethnographic groups: western Tuvinians (mountain-steppe regions of western, central and southern Tuva) and eastern, or Tuva-Todzhans (the mountain-taiga part of north-eastern and southeastern of Tuva). Tuva-Todzhans make up about 5% of all Tuvinians. The Tuvans are characterized by the Central Asian Mongoloid racial type.
Tuvan language
The Tuvan language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. Tuvinian language, according to the most common genealogical classification of N.A. Baskakov, along with the ancient Turkic and modern Tofalar languages refers to the Uigur-Tukuyu d-subgroup of the Uigur-Oguz group of the Eastern Hunan branch of the Turkic languages [1969: 315-323]. Another classification proposed by the authors of the "Comparative-Historical Grammar of the Turkic Languages" combines the Tuvinian language, together with the Tofalar language and dialects of the Tuvinians of North-West Mongolia (Monchaks), into a separate group - the Toba or Uryankhai group. These languages form an independent branch within the Siberian languages [СИГТЯ (SIGTYA) 2002: 5, 727].
According to the researchers, the Tuvan language (together with Tofalar) is the closest to the Old Oguz and Old Uigur languages [Baskakov 1969: 317; Kormushin 2002: 602]. In its vocabulary and grammatical structure, there are parallels with the language of the Orkhon-Yenisei and Old Uigur monuments [Baskakov 1969: 317; Nadelyaev 1989: 3-10; Rassadin 1971: 147; Ubryatova 1985; Shirobokova 2001].
Tuvan language is the result of the crossing of the Türkic language with the language of aborigines living on the territory of Tuva, where the Turkic fеаtures dominated [Cheremisina 2002: 234]. It is believed that the Tuvan language arose as a result of the turkicization of aboriginal tribes by the ancient Uighurs, and the Uighur-Turkic basis was preserved to a greater extent [Nadelyaev 1986: 59; SIGTYA 2002: 602].
Many Turkic languages and dialects greatly influenced the Tuvan language. Since the XIII century before the beginning of the XX century, the Tuvan language experienced a prolonged Mongolian language influence. It differently affected the various layer (parts) of the Tuvan language, especially in vocabulary, where a powerful layer of Mongolian borrowings was noted. Since the end of the XIX century, the influence of the Russian language has been fixed, which continues to the present day.
Dialects of Tuvan language
Tuvan language has dialects: central, western, southeastern, northeast (Todzha). The writing of the Tuvinians is based on Russian graphics.
Religion
Religion: Buddhism of the Lamaist branch, shamanism. The Tuvinian believers are mostly Buddhist Lamaists, pre-Buddhist cults and shamanism are also preserved. In the formation of the Tuvan ethnic community, various groups of ancient aborigines of Siberia, related to modern Samoyeds, Kets, Mongols, and Turks played a great role.
The beliefs of the Tuvinians have preserved the ancient family-clan cults, which manifest mainly veneration of the home. Shamanism has also preserved among the Tuvinians. For shamanistic representations of the world, the three-part division of the world is characteristic. The official religion of Tuvans - Lamaism - in recent years is experiencing a revival. Lamaist monasteries with monks who are educated in the religious centers of Buddhism are being established again. The religious holidays are held more often.
Main types of economic activities
The main type of economic activity of Tuvinians was nomadic cattle breeding. The main areas of its distribution were the dry steppes of central and southwestern Tuva. The agriculture was also practiced but on a limited scale. Tuvans of the steppe districts bred sheep, cattle, horses, goats, and camels.
Among the Tuvinians in the north and north-eastern forest areas of Tuva, the predominant sectors of the economy were hunting and reindeer herding. Reindeer herding in the north-eastern regions of Tuva was of a pastoral character.
The fishery was an important sector, mainly in forestry economies. The fish were caught with the help of nets, fishing rods with wooden hooks. The economy of the Tuvinians was of a natural character and for their own use and consumption, not for sale.
The Tuvinians of the steppe regions lived in a felt-trellised yurt, similar to the Buryat yurt. The Tuvinians of the taiga regions lived in a conical hut - "alachik", like the Evenk dwelling.
Traditional clothes, food ration, social structure of Tuvinians
The traditional clothes of the Tuvinians had much in common with the clothes of the neighboring Buryats. They also had a long dressing gown with a smell on the right side and two clasps (on the shoulder and under the armpit), belted with a cloth sash, for the men's and women's suit. Male and female suits differed in hats and ornaments. Among the Tuvinians-Todzhans, the main material for clothing was skin and suede. In some places, they still have clothes resembling of Evenk's trade clothes.
In the food ration of Tuvinians, the main place belonged to dairy and meat products. For example, they prepare a drink made from fermented cow's milk - "hoyglak"("хойглак"), as well as various types of products from curdled milk of cow, deer, sheep, and goat. The meat was used mostly in boiled form, meat and blood sausages were prepared. In winter they cooked meat soup.Fried grain of millet ate with tea and cooked porridge from millet. Tea was drunk with milk, cream, cheese, and salt.
In the social life, the so-called aala communities - family-related groups - comprised usually from three to five or six families (the father's family and the family of married sons and children), who roamed together, forming stable groups of aalas, in the summer they merged into larger neighboring communities. The small monogamous family predominated, although until the 1920s. Among the rich cattle owners, there were noticed polygamy.
Literature
Baskakov N.A. Vvedenie v izuchenie tjurkskih jazykov. – M., 1969 – 383 s.
Istorija Tyvy. T.1. 2- e izd. pererab. i dop. – pod obshhej redakciej S.I.Vajnshtejna, M.H.Mannaj-oola. – Novosibirsk, 2001. – 367 s.
Kondrat'ev V.G. Ob otnoshenii jazyka pamjatnikov orhono-enisejskoj pis'mennosti k jazyku drevneujgurskih pamjatnikov. – Sov. Tjurkologija. – 1973. - №3. – S.26.
Nadeljaev V.M. U istokov tuvinskogo jazyka – Issledovanija po tuvinskoj filologii. – Kyzyl, 1986. – S. 53-63.
Rassadin V.I. Problemy obshhnosti v tjurkskih jazykah sajano-altaja – Tjurkologicheskij sbornik – 1977. – S. M.:Nauka, 1981. – S. 219-231.
Rassadin V.I. Fonetika i leksika tofolarskogo jazyka. – Ulan-Udje: Burjat kN. Izd-vo, 1971. – 252 s.
Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov. Regional'nye rekonstrukcii. – M.:Nauka, 2002. – 767 s.
Ubrjatova E.I. Istoricheskaja grammatika jakutskogo jazyka. – Jakutsk, 1985.
Shirobokova N.N. Otnoshenie jakutskogo jazyka k tjurkskim jazykam Juzhnoj Sibiri. – Novosibirsk:Nauka, 2005.
Cheremisina M. I. Jazyki korennyh narodov Sibiri. Izdanie vtoroe, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. Trudy gumanitarnogo fakul'teta. Serija V. Uchebniki i uchebnye posobija. Novosibirsk: Redakcionno-izdatel'skij centr NGU, 2006. Soavtor: Tazranova A. R.
Tashibaeva S.Zh