Uzbeks
Forming up the multinational composition of the population at the territory of the nowadays Kazakhstan have started in the middle of 15th century, at the Kazakh Khanate, when the Kazakh ethnogenesis has finished as come out from the Turkish and partially Mongol tribes. Thereafter, up to the very beginning of 20th century the Kazakh are absolutely dominated in a composition of the population of Kazakhstan. There are more than 130 national groups residing in Kazakhstan. The Uzbek expat community is one of the largest out of Turkish expat communities of Kazakhstan.
Brief historical reference
As the historical materials show, the migration of the Uzbek to Kazakhstan has its historical, political, economic background. The Uzbek ethnogenesis has undergone at the Mid Asian in-between rivers and neighboring regions. There were ancient nations of the Middle Asia, who have taken part in formation of the Uzbek nation, those who were speaking the East-Turkish languages, the same as the Sogdian, the Bactria, the Chorasmian, the Fergana, the Sack-Massagetean tribes. Throughout many centuries the Uzbek and the Kazakh nations are inseparably passed through the stages of evolution of the historical development. They are united and brought together not just with historically settled rituals and traditions but with the unity of the religion and the borders. The friendship of the two nations is sealed by blood of our ancestors, who bravely spilled it when they were disrupting the attacks of the shared enemy shoulder to shoulder.
While the centuries passed, the social formations were changing, the new empires were in a rise and fall, the rulers were replacing one another, but the relations and friendship between the Kazakh and the Uzbek were the same. There are many things in common in the formation and development of the Kazakh and the Uzbek, they are: firstly, belong to the unified ethnogenetic family; secondly, their interinfluence in domestic and social life, household and rotuals, traditions and culture has achieved a significant level at the pre-revolutionary period; thirdly, these nations have the shared language (Turkish) and shared history.
It’s remarkable that many tribes are repeated at the Uzbek and the Kazakh, and other Turkish nations. The Uzbek are still called “Turkestanians” by those abroad the country, but not the Kazakh or the Uzbek.
As the historians assure, taking into account that the Kazakh and Uzbek Khans belonged to the same dynasty, the part of the lands was transferring from one Khanate to another from time to time. For example, Tashkent once was a capital of the Kazakh Khanate, and the lands of the Southern Kazakhstan were the part of Khanate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand [3, 192]. So in that manner throughout the long period on the basis of the same ethnic components has formed as the Uzbek so the Kazakh nation. In our opinion, the main difference between the Uzbek and the Kazakh has formed as the result of the way they do the housekeeping: the Uzbek population has formed as the settled and agricultural, but the Kazakh one as the nomadic and cattle-breeding. For that matter the southern region of Kazakhstan is more evidenced.
Numerous wars of the Kazakh Khans with the Uzbek Khans, alternately captured the part of the territory of the one state from another were acompained with interpenetration of the Kazakh and the Uzbek population at the cross-border regions. Specific historical conditions and large political events happened at the South of Kazakhstan facilitated the formation of the Uzbek settlements at the territory.
The process has became stronger to the early 19th century at the result of the row of the following historical events:
1) In 1810 there had happened the conquest of the south of Kazakhstan by the Khanate of Kokand. The Beks of Kokand had started to rebuild military fortresses for purpose to protect from the Dzungar invasion. Sayram settlement had been rebuilt as the first in a row. There are settlements appear near the military fortresses who furthermore develop to the large kishlaks (villages) with the Uzbek names.
2) In 1826 there had been built the fortresses called Aulie-Ata, Ak-Mechit, Merke, and also the fortification walls of the ancient Turkestan and Suzak. The part of the Uzbek migrate as the builders, following the military colonization and so the settling of the south of Kazakhstan by the peaceful Uzbek migrants, who continue the exploration of the fruitful lands of the valleys of Syr-Daria, Arys, Chu, Talas rivers.
3) By the end of 19th century the process of the Uzbek migration to the southern regions of Kazakhstan had been activated, as the Russian Empire has created the secured regime, and favorable conditions for making trade, crop farming and craftsmanship.
The Uzbek density and places of their residence
A special place at the interethnic relation of the Turkish nations of Kazakhstan and in a living of the Kazakh nation belongs to the Uzbek nation.
The sovereignty of Kazakhstan has led to the total change of the ethnodemographic situation within the country. The population’s emigration from Kazakhstan to Russia and countries of Europe has lowered the population of the country for 9.1 %. For the years of sovereignty the amount of the absolute majority of the nations of Kazakhstan has significantly shorten. Anly the Uzbek and the Uighur have managed to keep their significant presence.
According to the statistic data amongst the multinational population of the republic, the Uzbek are approx. 3 per cent of total population or they take the third place on the average amount after the Kazakh and the Russian [1]. Wherein the growth dynamics on their amount is impressive. For instance in 1999 the Uzbek accounted 370 thousand (2.5% of the Kazakhstan’s population), so in the beginning of 2015 – they accounted 520 thousand (more than three per cent).
The Dynamics on the amount of the Uzbek Diaspora in KazakhstanOn the results of population census:
The utmost amount of the representatives of the Uzbek ethic group is gathered at Turkestan, Sayram, Saryagash, Tolebi, Kazyghurt, Merkyn regions, and also at the cities of Shymkent, Turkestan, Taraz, Kentau at the South Kazakhstan region. Due to the wide spreading of labor migration, there remarkable Uzbek communities have appeared in other cities and regions of Kazakhstan – in Astana and Almaty, also Almaty, Karagandy, Manghistau and Kyzyl-Orda regions.
Brief historical reference
As the historical materials show, the migration of the Uzbek to Kazakhstan has its historical, political, economic background. The Uzbek ethnogenesis has undergone at the Mid Asian in-between rivers and neighboring regions. There were ancient nations of the Middle Asia, who have taken part in formation of the Uzbek nation, those who were speaking the East-Turkish languages, the same as the Sogdian, the Bactria, the Chorasmian, the Fergana, the Sack-Massagetean tribes. Throughout many centuries the Uzbek and the Kazakh nations are inseparably passed through the stages of evolution of the historical development. They are united and brought together not just with historically settled rituals and traditions but with the unity of the religion and the borders. The friendship of the two nations is sealed by blood of our ancestors, who bravely spilled it when they were disrupting the attacks of the shared enemy shoulder to shoulder.
While the centuries passed, the social formations were changing, the new empires were in a rise and fall, the rulers were replacing one another, but the relations and friendship between the Kazakh and the Uzbek were the same. There are many things in common in the formation and development of the Kazakh and the Uzbek, they are: firstly, belong to the unified ethnogenetic family; secondly, their interinfluence in domestic and social life, household and rotuals, traditions and culture has achieved a significant level at the pre-revolutionary period; thirdly, these nations have the shared language (Turkish) and shared history.
It’s remarkable that many tribes are repeated at the Uzbek and the Kazakh, and other Turkish nations. The Uzbek are still called “Turkestanians” by those abroad the country, but not the Kazakh or the Uzbek.
As the historians assure, taking into account that the Kazakh and Uzbek Khans belonged to the same dynasty, the part of the lands was transferring from one Khanate to another from time to time. For example, Tashkent once was a capital of the Kazakh Khanate, and the lands of the Southern Kazakhstan were the part of Khanate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand [3, 192]. So in that manner throughout the long period on the basis of the same ethnic components has formed as the Uzbek so the Kazakh nation. In our opinion, the main difference between the Uzbek and the Kazakh has formed as the result of the way they do the housekeeping: the Uzbek population has formed as the settled and agricultural, but the Kazakh one as the nomadic and cattle-breeding. For that matter the southern region of Kazakhstan is more evidenced.
Numerous wars of the Kazakh Khans with the Uzbek Khans, alternately captured the part of the territory of the one state from another were acompained with interpenetration of the Kazakh and the Uzbek population at the cross-border regions. Specific historical conditions and large political events happened at the South of Kazakhstan facilitated the formation of the Uzbek settlements at the territory.
The process has became stronger to the early 19th century at the result of the row of the following historical events:
1) In 1810 there had happened the conquest of the south of Kazakhstan by the Khanate of Kokand. The Beks of Kokand had started to rebuild military fortresses for purpose to protect from the Dzungar invasion. Sayram settlement had been rebuilt as the first in a row. There are settlements appear near the military fortresses who furthermore develop to the large kishlaks (villages) with the Uzbek names.
2) In 1826 there had been built the fortresses called Aulie-Ata, Ak-Mechit, Merke, and also the fortification walls of the ancient Turkestan and Suzak. The part of the Uzbek migrate as the builders, following the military colonization and so the settling of the south of Kazakhstan by the peaceful Uzbek migrants, who continue the exploration of the fruitful lands of the valleys of Syr-Daria, Arys, Chu, Talas rivers.
3) By the end of 19th century the process of the Uzbek migration to the southern regions of Kazakhstan had been activated, as the Russian Empire has created the secured regime, and favorable conditions for making trade, crop farming and craftsmanship.
The Uzbek density and places of their residence
A special place at the interethnic relation of the Turkish nations of Kazakhstan and in a living of the Kazakh nation belongs to the Uzbek nation.
The sovereignty of Kazakhstan has led to the total change of the ethnodemographic situation within the country. The population’s emigration from Kazakhstan to Russia and countries of Europe has lowered the population of the country for 9.1 %. For the years of sovereignty the amount of the absolute majority of the nations of Kazakhstan has significantly shorten. Anly the Uzbek and the Uighur have managed to keep their significant presence.
According to the statistic data amongst the multinational population of the republic, the Uzbek are approx. 3 per cent of total population or they take the third place on the average amount after the Kazakh and the Russian [1]. Wherein the growth dynamics on their amount is impressive. For instance in 1999 the Uzbek accounted 370 thousand (2.5% of the Kazakhstan’s population), so in the beginning of 2015 – they accounted 520 thousand (more than three per cent).
The Dynamics on the amount of the Uzbek Diaspora in KazakhstanOn the results of population census:
- 1999: 370 663 people (2.5 % of total population)
- 2009: 457 200 people (2.8 % of total population)
- 2012: 493 789 people (2.8 % of total population)
- 2013: 511 000 people (3 % of total population)
- 2015: 521 252 people (3.04 % of total population)
The utmost amount of the representatives of the Uzbek ethic group is gathered at Turkestan, Sayram, Saryagash, Tolebi, Kazyghurt, Merkyn regions, and also at the cities of Shymkent, Turkestan, Taraz, Kentau at the South Kazakhstan region. Due to the wide spreading of labor migration, there remarkable Uzbek communities have appeared in other cities and regions of Kazakhstan – in Astana and Almaty, also Almaty, Karagandy, Manghistau and Kyzyl-Orda regions.
As we see, most of Uzbeks lives in the territory of the Southern Kazakhstan Area (South Kazakhstan Region.
The sociolinguistic situation in South Kazakhstan differs from other regions. The name "south of Kazakhstan", on the one hand, determines the specific geographical space of KazakhstanOn the other hand, no matter what administrative and territorial changes occur, the designated region throughout the historical retrospective made up a single region called "the southern region of Kazakhstan" [4, 67-68]. South Kazakhstan is the most densely populated region of the country. Here are the largest cities of Kazakhstan - Almaty and Shymkent.
After the administrative-territorial reform of 1997, it includes (from east to west): Almaty region, Zhambyl region and Kzylorda region. Today in this territory there are such large villages as Sairam, Karabulak, Karamurt, Mankent, Ikan and others with a population of up to several tens of thousands of people, consisting of 95% of Uzbeks. Due to this, a certain socio-cultural environment has emerged in Southern Kazakhstan, based on the traditional forms of the Uzbek way of life and having noticeable differences from the surrounding regions. Besides South Kazakhstan, large cluster-dispersed groups of Uzbeks live today in the cities and suburbs of the Zhambyl region (about 30 thousand, or 2.5% of the population).
National-cultural associations of Uzbeks and support for their language and culture
South Kazakhstan is the most multinational region of the country; there are representatives of 108 ethnic groups. All of them are united by 200 cultural centers. The Uzbeks of the South Kazakhstan region established their national cultural center (NCC) back in November 1989 in Shymkent, transforming it in February 1992 into a regional oneThere are 16 Uzbek NCCs operating in the territory of the South Kazakhstan Region: in Sairam, Tyulkubas, Tolebi, Kazygurt, Arys, Saryagash, Suzak, Maktaaral and in cities as Shymkent, Turkestan and Kentau. There are two Uzbek NCCs in the city of Shymkent - the Shymkent branch of the Uzbek NCC of the South Kazakhstan Region and the Uzbek NCC of Shymkent city. In Saryagash district there are currently two Uzbek NCCs - the Uzbek NCC of the Saryagash district (Saryagash town) and the Uzbek ECO of the Saryagash district (Abay village). In May 1992, the Uzbek NCC of the Zhambyl region was established. Branches of the Uzbek NCC successfully operate in Taraz and in Merke, Bayzak, Zhambyl, Chui, Kulan districtsLater such cultural centers were established in Kyzylorda (1994), Aktyubinsk (2000), Mangystau (2001), Kostanai (2003), Almaty (2006), Karaganda (2007), Pavlodar (2013), East -Kazakhstan (2013, Semipalatinsk) regions, in the cities of Astana (2005) and Almaty (2006). The Uzbek National Cultural Center of the Kzyl-Orda Region includes the Uzbek National Cultural Center of the Shiely, Zhanakurgan districts and the city of Kazalinsk. In 1995, was established the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik". The first founders of the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik" of the Republic of Kazakhstan were Uzbek NCCs of South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and Kyzylorda regions. In 2011, the Association was re-registered already with the 10 founders of Uzbek NCCs.
Every Uzbek NCC of the regions has dance groups that participate in all events under the auspices of the ANC. Dance groups "Yulduzcha", "Sadaf", "Guncha", "Turkiston", "Bahor", "Feruz" became the winners of the Festival of Friendship of Peoples. The Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan annually conducts the pilots competition "Dastarkhan of friendship", the action-career guidance for the graduates of schools "Happy journey, graduate!", a chess tournament dedicated to the memory of international grandmaster Yuldash Ishankulov, a billiards tournament dedicated to the memory of the famous neurosurgeon Rustam Atakhanov, the regional forum of Uzbek women "Society and a woman ", a beauty contest" Pigeons - Ambassadors of the World ". Furthermore, an international sports tournament is held dedicated to the memory of a member of the Kazakhstan national boxing team Farrukh Shanazarov.
In January 2003, the Union of Uzbek Youth was created, which is the youth wing of the Uzbek NCC of the South Kazakhstan Region and the “Dustlik” Association. The Union united more than 100 active youth and carried out a number of projects. On March 26, 2003 at the Union was formed the Uzbek League of KVN (youth comedy club), consisting of 44 teams of Uzbek schools and universities of the region. From 2003 to 2006, the Championships and Festivals of the Uzbek League of KVN were held annually. The League was recognized by the League of KVN of Kazakhstan and the Akimat of South Kazakhstan. On May 1, 2004, the Uzbek team "Nagashylar" ("Uncle"), consisting of students from Uzbek schools of Shymkent city, became the champion at the IV Championship of the Republican Kazakh League of KVN in Almaty. In May 2006, the Uzbek team "Nagashylar", consisting of the participants of the teams "Zhasorat" and "Turan" of Turkestan city became the champion of the Union of the Kazakh League of the KVN of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Astana. The team-champion "Nagashylar" was the only team from other nationalities who spoke in the state language.
Uzbek NCCs in regions constantly provide charitable assistance to low-income families and children’s home. Activists of the Uzbek NCCs of the Zhambyl region rendered assistance to the victims of the earthquake at the Lugovoi station. The NCC took custody of the Dzhambul children's home named after K.Sarymoldayeva and sponsored a number of trips of the creative groups of the orphanage to Astana, Almaty, Karaganda and other cities of Kazakhstan. With the support of sponsors, almost every year, a hajj is organized in the shrine of Mecca-Medina for the poor and aksakals of the Uzbek NCC of the Zhambyl region.
In order to preserve the language and development of the literary language, the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik" annually hosts the national creative contest "Nazism Yulduzlari" ("Stars of Poetry"). Moreover, there was established the literary award "Argumak". Since 1992, the Uzbek National Cultural Center (NCC) of the South Kazakhstan region annually holds the regional creative competition "Ofarin" ("Bravo"), which includes 6 directions: variety and classical singing, dance art (separately and group), music performance on national instruments, art "askiya" (Askiya - genre of wit of the Uzbek people, which is included in the register "World Intangible Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. In 1998, the Uzbek NCC of Turkestan city was the first to organize the “Askiya” festival in the House of Culture of the village of Stary Ikan with the participation of humorists of the Turkestan and Sairam districts. Thanks to them, the genre of wit “Askiya” revives in Kazakhstan. Since 2004, the “Askiya” International Festival and Lapar (Lapar - Uzbek folk genre of group singing, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List) has been held annually with the participation of representatives of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Since 2006, the annual international festival "Lapar" has been held with the participation of representatives of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
In the countryside and in places of compact settlement of Uzbeks, traditional forms of organization of public life in the form of communities of neighbors and relatives (mahalla) have been preserved in the cities. As before, they are focused on solving problems that are significant for all members of this community. In addition, they are not closed communities, but are built into the system of local self-government. Representatives of the Uzbek diaspora are fully integrated into the overall socio-economic and cultural environment of the country and feel themselves full citizens of the country. The relative well-being of representatives of this ethnos in Kazakhstan is indicated by the fact that their repatriation to Uzbekistan is not observed. At the same time, all of them maintain close ties with the historical homeland, having numerous relatives there. It should be noted that due to their commitment to trade and agriculture, Uzbeks are generally economically self-sufficient. Two Uzbek theaters operate in the republic. Since 1972, the Uzbek People's Theater of Karachik village (Karashik) has been functioning in the city of Turkestan. One of the main events in the life of the Uzbeks of South Kazakhstan in 2003 there was the opening of the Uzbek Drama Theater in the ancient city of Sairam after a 62-year pause. President of Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev took part in the opening ceremony of the theater.
Today, more than 10 newspapers and magazines in the Uzbek language are published in the South Kazakhstan region: state-owned South Kazakhstan regional socio-political newspaper "Janubiy Kozogiston" (chief editor Alisher Satyvaldiyev), socio-political newspaper of Turkestan Turkestan ( Raimzhan Alibayev); Private newspapers - Sairam Sadoshi (Abdusattor Umarov), Sairam Sabosi and Zhamiyat va Marifat (Abdumalik Sarmanov), Adabiyat va Sanat (Abdugaffar Mahammedov), Zhanub Zharchilari (Zakirzhan Mominzhanov), Isfizhob ( Erkina Sultanova), Robita (Fazliddin Idinov), I-Ionimonim (Mutalib Yuldashev), as well as private magazines - Saodat sari (Mukhayo Begmatova), for children "Bojchechak" and "Kamalak", "Bolazhon" And "Bolalar Olami". On the TV channel "Kazakhstan-Shymkent", there is broadcasted on the TV program in the Uzbek language "Yurtimiz zhamoli" (editor Zebuniso Bekmetova). On the private television channel "Sairam" there are TV programs in the Uzbek language.
In 2001 at the initiative of activists of the Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan with assistance of Department of education of South Kazakhstan the regional school Olympic Games on Uzbek language and literature are equated in the republican status. As a result, according to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Education" the winners of the republican school Olympiad are awarded with breastplates "Altyn belgi". Since 2001, more than 150 pupils from Uzbek schools have won the republican Olympiad. Currently, 58 schools with Uzbek language of instruction operate in the republic, 57 schools of which function in South Kazakhstan Region, one in Zhambyl Region (School No. 4). In 84 schools of South Kazakhstan, lessons are taught in two languages (Uzbek-Kazakh, Uzbek-Tajik and Uzbek-Russian).
More than 98 thousand pupils are trained in schools with the Uzbek language of instruction, they are taught by more than 8,500 teachers. Since 2001, the Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan, in conjunction with the Senior Commissioner for National Minorities of the OSCE, Mr. Knut Vollebek, has been implementing a project to introduce a system of bilingual education in schools with Uzbek language of instruction. As a result, more than 100 graduates from Uzbek schools annually become university students based on a state grant.
Language situation
The Uzbek language is the state language of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the exogenous language of the Uzbek diaspora in Kazakhstan.
Together with the Uighur language, it refers to the Karluk languages. Until 1928, the Uzbek language was based on the Arabic alphabet. In 1923, the alphabet was reformed in order to adapt it to the phonetic structure of the Uzbek language. In 1928-1940yy. instead of the Arabic alphabet in the Uzbek SSR, the Latin alphabet began to be used, in 1940 the Latin alphabet was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, and in 1992 the Latin alphabet was reintroduced in Uzbekistan.
Modern Uzbek language has a complex dialect structure. Dialects of the majority of Uzbek urban centers (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara, Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the southeastern (Karluk) group of Turkic languages [5].
Statistical analysis of the socio-linguistic situation of Uzbeks based on the results of the survey
The questionnaire in the framework of the international project showed that not everyone has reliable information about the family history, that is, they can not tell exactly where and when their ancestors were relocated to Kazakhstan. Therefore, the majority of respondents all consider themselves to be indigenous residents of Kazakhstan, of the interviewed 435 people of the Uzbek ethnos to the question "Was your family deported and Kazakhstan": 239 (54.9%) answered - no, 192 (44.1%) - did not answer. That is, there are no data, only 4 respondents (0.9%) answered yes.
During studying of interaction of Turkic languages and cultures in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan within the international project, with assistance of the Uzbek ethno-cultural associations meetings with representatives of the Uzbek ethnos for holding conversations and an interview were organized. One and all respondents realize importance of national identity, that is importance of respect for national traditions, religions and cuisine. Almost all consider not important accommodation of ethnos in one territory. The research was conducted by method of holding conversations (interviewing), filling and analysis of questionnaires.
Ethnic origin: 435 people of the interviewed Uzbek respondents.
Ethnic self-determination: 407 people (93.6%) of the respondents identify themselves as Uzbeks, 16 people. (3.7%) consider themselves Kazakhs, 1 Uygur (0.2%) and 11 respondents (2.5%) gave no data.
Most representatives of the Uzbek ethnos on the passport define themselves as Uzbeks, 376 of them (86.4%) are Uzbeks; 22 (5.1%) - Kazakhs; 14 (3.2%) as Russians; 9 (2,1%) - Tatars; In 6 (1.4%) - there is no data; 3 (0,7%) - Azerbaijanis; 3 (0.7%) by the Kyrgyz; 1 (0.2%) as Turk.
In the marriage, Uzbeks basically take Uzbek wives and marry Uzbek, but there are also representatives of other nationalities, an analysis of the questionnaires showed the following:
Father's nationality: 422 people (97%) - Uzbeks; 4 (0.9%) - Uighurs; 3 (0.7%) - Karakalpaks; 2 (0.5%) are Yakuts; in 1 is (0.2%) - Kyrgyz and Tatars, 2 gave (0.5%) no data. As analysis by the father's line shows, the national color of the Uzbeks is not that rich, only 5 nationalities, except for the Uzbeks.
Whilst by nationality of mother, it were 6 nationalities: 376 people (86.4%) - Uzbeks; 22 (5,1%) - Kazakhs; 14 (3.2%) are Russians; 9 (2.1%) are Tatars; 6 (1.4%) - Uighurs and 3 people (0.7%) - Kyrgyz and Azerbaijani women.
Thus, in ethnic self-determination, the paternal line (Uzbek) is the dominant marker regardless of ethnos, the child in the family identifies with the ethnos of the father. Hence it can be stated that at present in Kazakhstan, the formation of consciousness, culture, language among Uzbeks is more influenced by the father than the mother.
It can be concluded that the dominant position in the Uzbek mixed families is the father. In addition, in mixed families, male Uzbeks, as well as women, can marry representatives of other ethnic groups on equal terms. At the same time, Uzbek men prefer to marry Uzbek women, and Uzbek women prefer to marry Uzbek men, thus preserving ethnic culture, traditions, mentality.
In the second generation, when one of the spouses of non-Uzbek nationality revealed the following:
63 (37.7%) of children in such marriages were recorded as Uzbeks;
20 people (12%) are recorded as Kazakhs,
3 people (1.8%) – as Russians,
2 people (1.8%) - as Kyrgyzs,
1 person (0.6%) – as Tatars and Uighurs,
74 people (46.1%) - no data available.
All interviewed respondents mainly consider that the knowledge of their native language is important, however regretfully admit that with the departure of the older generation the knowledge of the native language is weakening. Only the older generation knows the mother tongue very well, and a good spoken language for the middle generation, unfortunately, the younger generation are Russian-Uzbek bilinguals, Kazakh-Russian-Uzbek trilinguals and Russian-Kazakh bilinguals.
Анализ опроса показал следующее:
The analysis of the survey showed the following:
177 (40.7%) speak only in Uzbek;
67 (15.4%) speak only in Russian;
54 (12.4%) speak in Russian and Uzbek;
44 (10.1%) speak in Kazakh and Uzbek;
28 (6.4%) speak in Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek;
16 (3.7%) speak in Kazakh and Russian;
15 (3.4%) - speak only in Kazakh language;
28 (6.4%) - no data available.
An analysis of the spoken language survey of schoolchildren in a family:
173 (39.8%) - only in Uzbek language;
74 (17%) - only in Russian;
29 (6.7%) - in Russian and Uzbek;
38 (8%) - in Kazakh and Uzbek languages;
44 (10.1%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek languages;
13 (3%) - in Kazakh, Russian languages;
40 (9.2%) - only in Kazakh language.
An analysis of the language survey at where adults in the family speak in:
205 (47.1%) - only in Uzbek language;
59 (18.6%) - only in Russian;
44 (10.1%) - in Russian, Uzbek;
52 (12%) - in Kazakh, Uzbek languages;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek languages;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Russian languages;
19 (4.4%) - only in Kazakh language,
21 (4.8%) - no data available.
Analysis of the questionnaire of a language that is used with people of other nationalities:
14 (3.2%) - only in Uzbek language;
85 (19.5%) - only in Russian;
8 (1.8%) - in Russian and Uzbek;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Uzbek languages;
61 (14%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek language;
144 (33.1%) - in Kazakh, Russian;
34 (7.8%) - only in Kazakh language,
70 (16.1%) - no data available.
Analysis of the language block data showed that the "language factor" is not painful for Kazakhstani Uzbeks. The Uzbeks know Kazakh state language perfectly or at a sufficient level (14.6%), or they can speak and understand spoken language in Kazakh (42.4%). Most of the respondents do not record the facts of infringement of their rights on the basis of language. Assessing the development of the language situation in the country, the overwhelming number of representatives of the Uzbek ethnic group believes that the importance of the Kazakh language increases without affecting the Russian language (63.3%). As the most preferred model of language policy, Kazakhstani Uzbeks support the "bilingualism" model, which, along with the Kazakh language, preserves the role of the Russian language as a language of official and interethnic communication (67.3%), also the idea of trilingualism is in the second place (28, 6%).
So, the analysis of the survey showed the following:
212 people (48.7%) speak freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
205 people (47.5%) - read freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
170 people (39.1%) - write freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
137 people (45.3%) - understand freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian languages;
137 people (45.3%) read books, newspapers, magazines and ads freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
218 people (29.4%) - they understandably listen to lectures, talks, reports, TV shows and radio programs in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian languages;
143 people (48.7%) - they understand it better to listen to concerts, watch performances in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
241 people (48.7%) - answered that they do not need to explain in their native language films in Kazakh and Russian.
All respondents consider themselves full-fledged representatives of their nationality. With personal identification, representatives of the Uzbek ethnos define for themselves as a community with their ethnic and religious group (375 people from the interviewed (86.2%) hold Islam), and then - Kazakh citizenship (30.6%). At the same time, 95% believe that nation building in Kazakhstan should be developed according to the civil model, and not by "ethnic" one.
According to the sociological survey, more than 60% of Uzbeks look at their future and the future of their children in Kazakhstan with a certain degree of pessimism. A large part of the Uzbek respondents believe that the ethnic factor is taken into account when appointing to leading and prestigious positions (53.1%), as well as employment (18.4%). Representatives of this ethnic group are quite skeptical about getting a job in the state authorities: 73.5% believe that the chances for this are low or rather low.
As key problems of the sphere of the interethnic relations representatives of the Uzbek ethnic group most often allocate existence of the hidden tension (49%), at the same time allocate with Uighurs (1 – 0,9%), with Kazakhs – 3 (0,9%), with Christians and with Russians - 1 (0,9%) and a question of transfer of office-work for Kazakh (67,3%). The dominating number of the Kazakhstan Uzbeks considers that between the Kazakhs and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan there is no tension having system character.
In general, it is almost impossible to single out an "Uzbek model of behavior" in Kazakhstan, but the study recorded two characteristic features peculiar to this ethnos: zero conflict potential and a high level of openness to interethnic interaction: 79.6% of Uzbek respondents expressed readiness to enter into marital relations With representatives of other ethnic groups, although the foregoing analysis showed a very different picture (the ratio of 86.4% of marriage to Uzbeks and 14% of other ethnic groups).
The majority of the Uzbek ethnos, as before, is engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry: 39 people from the interviewed (23.4%); but there are other industries like:
33 people (19.8%) are workers;
21 people (12.6%) - employees in the service sector;
9 people (5.4%) - teachers;
2 people (1.2%) - a school student;
3 people (1.8%) are civil servants;
18 people (10.2%) are unemployed;
3 (1.8%) - no data available.
The quality of Kazakh, Russian and English textbooks was only appreciated by respondents with higher education, mostly Kazakh and Russian textbooks were rated as "satisfactory". The quality of the English textbooks was rated as "good".
Of the oral folk art, 87.4% of respondents know and sometimes use proverbs and sayings. Older people (50 years old) remember the fairy tales and myths that their grandmothers told them (“Alpamysh”, “Takhir wa Zukhra”, “Farhad va Shirin”, “Gulambai”, “Kilich Botir”, “Khachroyion Botir”, “Shaibani- Noma”, poems by Alisher Novoy, tales and legends about “Temirlan and Nasreddin Afendi”, poems, etc.), and 12.6% of the younger generation answered that they did not know. People of the middle generation, whose childhood and youth fell under Soviet rule - 70-90 years, do not know Kazakh literature, whilst representatives of the younger generation more or less familiar with the Kazakh literature. At present, respondents with higher education return to the knowledge of oral folk art, as well as native literature through the possibilities of new technologies (the Internet's capabilities), as well as participating in activities held in ethnocultural national centers.
At the end of the questionnaire, to the question "What do you want to add to your answers? Perhaps, you have any wishes regarding the publication of books and newspapers in your native language, cultural and educational work, schooling? " some respondents (out of 60 people) wrote the following:
- It would be good to publish newspapers and magazines in their native language - 7 people (11.6%);
- It would not be bad if Uzbek language were introduced in schools - 4 people (6.6%);
- I would like to have the opportunity to watch TV in my native language - 3 people (5.0%);
- Pay attention to the quality of translations - 7 people (11.6%);
- That there was prosperity in our country - 4 people (6.6%);
- In order to maintain friendship with the Kazakhs - 2 (3.3%);
- I like living in Kazakhstan - 2 (3.3%);
- I would like to have children in schools taught the subject of "ethnology". To tell about all the ethnic groups that live on the territory of our state, their history, way of life and traditions - 1 person (1.6%);
- I would be pleased if Kazakhstan annually hosted events like "The Day of Uzbekistan in Kazakhstan", that artists from Uzbekistan come more often, I attend such concerts with pleasure - 1 person (1.6%);
- To ensure prosperity in our country - 1 person (1.6%);
- To improve the level of knowledge of the Kazakh language - 1 person (1.6%);
- To translate into the Uzbek language works of Kazakh akyns and writers - 1 person (1.6%);
- Thank you for the survey and successfully completion of this project and wish happiness to everyone and health, successes - 6 respondents (10%);
- No addition - 20 (66.6%).
One thing remains indisputable: unlike many other ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, Uzbeks have come from the same birthplace as the Kazakhs, they share common historical roots. Perhaps, therefore, between them formed a colorful and at the same time an ambiguous relationship, usually characteristic only of people who are connected by blood ties. Historical kinship is confirmed by the existing territorial boundaries.
As time has shown, the most successful form of interaction between people and ethnic groups in the person of national-cultural associations was found in Kazakhstan, under which state support is provided for the process of cultural revival of people, which has significant results in ensuring national stability and nation-wide harmony, development and integration of ethno-cultures. Here the role of the ANC and ethno-cultural centers is noted by 45.4% of the respondents.
As the study showed, for the time being, the Uzbek diaspora, living mainly in the Southern region of Kazakhstan, is developing steadily, multiplying life experience, transforming it in accordance with new socio-historical conditions. Most of Kazakhstani Uzbeks sincerely consider Kazakhstan as their homeland and are not going to leave it.
Literature
1. Data of the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2014.
2. Nazarbayev N. In the stream of history. - Almaty, Atamura - 1999.
3. Baypakov K.M. Medieval urban culture of Southern Kazakhstan and Semirechie: (VI - the beginning of XIII century.). Alma-Ata, 1968.
4. Bartold V.V. Twelve lectures on the history of the Turkish people of Central Asia. Op. M., 1968. T. 5.
5. Ermatov M. Ethnogenesis and the formation of the ancestors of the Uzbek people. Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1968.
The sociolinguistic situation in South Kazakhstan differs from other regions. The name "south of Kazakhstan", on the one hand, determines the specific geographical space of KazakhstanOn the other hand, no matter what administrative and territorial changes occur, the designated region throughout the historical retrospective made up a single region called "the southern region of Kazakhstan" [4, 67-68]. South Kazakhstan is the most densely populated region of the country. Here are the largest cities of Kazakhstan - Almaty and Shymkent.
After the administrative-territorial reform of 1997, it includes (from east to west): Almaty region, Zhambyl region and Kzylorda region. Today in this territory there are such large villages as Sairam, Karabulak, Karamurt, Mankent, Ikan and others with a population of up to several tens of thousands of people, consisting of 95% of Uzbeks. Due to this, a certain socio-cultural environment has emerged in Southern Kazakhstan, based on the traditional forms of the Uzbek way of life and having noticeable differences from the surrounding regions. Besides South Kazakhstan, large cluster-dispersed groups of Uzbeks live today in the cities and suburbs of the Zhambyl region (about 30 thousand, or 2.5% of the population).
National-cultural associations of Uzbeks and support for their language and culture
South Kazakhstan is the most multinational region of the country; there are representatives of 108 ethnic groups. All of them are united by 200 cultural centers. The Uzbeks of the South Kazakhstan region established their national cultural center (NCC) back in November 1989 in Shymkent, transforming it in February 1992 into a regional oneThere are 16 Uzbek NCCs operating in the territory of the South Kazakhstan Region: in Sairam, Tyulkubas, Tolebi, Kazygurt, Arys, Saryagash, Suzak, Maktaaral and in cities as Shymkent, Turkestan and Kentau. There are two Uzbek NCCs in the city of Shymkent - the Shymkent branch of the Uzbek NCC of the South Kazakhstan Region and the Uzbek NCC of Shymkent city. In Saryagash district there are currently two Uzbek NCCs - the Uzbek NCC of the Saryagash district (Saryagash town) and the Uzbek ECO of the Saryagash district (Abay village). In May 1992, the Uzbek NCC of the Zhambyl region was established. Branches of the Uzbek NCC successfully operate in Taraz and in Merke, Bayzak, Zhambyl, Chui, Kulan districtsLater such cultural centers were established in Kyzylorda (1994), Aktyubinsk (2000), Mangystau (2001), Kostanai (2003), Almaty (2006), Karaganda (2007), Pavlodar (2013), East -Kazakhstan (2013, Semipalatinsk) regions, in the cities of Astana (2005) and Almaty (2006). The Uzbek National Cultural Center of the Kzyl-Orda Region includes the Uzbek National Cultural Center of the Shiely, Zhanakurgan districts and the city of Kazalinsk. In 1995, was established the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik". The first founders of the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik" of the Republic of Kazakhstan were Uzbek NCCs of South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and Kyzylorda regions. In 2011, the Association was re-registered already with the 10 founders of Uzbek NCCs.
Every Uzbek NCC of the regions has dance groups that participate in all events under the auspices of the ANC. Dance groups "Yulduzcha", "Sadaf", "Guncha", "Turkiston", "Bahor", "Feruz" became the winners of the Festival of Friendship of Peoples. The Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan annually conducts the pilots competition "Dastarkhan of friendship", the action-career guidance for the graduates of schools "Happy journey, graduate!", a chess tournament dedicated to the memory of international grandmaster Yuldash Ishankulov, a billiards tournament dedicated to the memory of the famous neurosurgeon Rustam Atakhanov, the regional forum of Uzbek women "Society and a woman ", a beauty contest" Pigeons - Ambassadors of the World ". Furthermore, an international sports tournament is held dedicated to the memory of a member of the Kazakhstan national boxing team Farrukh Shanazarov.
In January 2003, the Union of Uzbek Youth was created, which is the youth wing of the Uzbek NCC of the South Kazakhstan Region and the “Dustlik” Association. The Union united more than 100 active youth and carried out a number of projects. On March 26, 2003 at the Union was formed the Uzbek League of KVN (youth comedy club), consisting of 44 teams of Uzbek schools and universities of the region. From 2003 to 2006, the Championships and Festivals of the Uzbek League of KVN were held annually. The League was recognized by the League of KVN of Kazakhstan and the Akimat of South Kazakhstan. On May 1, 2004, the Uzbek team "Nagashylar" ("Uncle"), consisting of students from Uzbek schools of Shymkent city, became the champion at the IV Championship of the Republican Kazakh League of KVN in Almaty. In May 2006, the Uzbek team "Nagashylar", consisting of the participants of the teams "Zhasorat" and "Turan" of Turkestan city became the champion of the Union of the Kazakh League of the KVN of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Astana. The team-champion "Nagashylar" was the only team from other nationalities who spoke in the state language.
Uzbek NCCs in regions constantly provide charitable assistance to low-income families and children’s home. Activists of the Uzbek NCCs of the Zhambyl region rendered assistance to the victims of the earthquake at the Lugovoi station. The NCC took custody of the Dzhambul children's home named after K.Sarymoldayeva and sponsored a number of trips of the creative groups of the orphanage to Astana, Almaty, Karaganda and other cities of Kazakhstan. With the support of sponsors, almost every year, a hajj is organized in the shrine of Mecca-Medina for the poor and aksakals of the Uzbek NCC of the Zhambyl region.
In order to preserve the language and development of the literary language, the Association of Uzbeks "Dustlik" annually hosts the national creative contest "Nazism Yulduzlari" ("Stars of Poetry"). Moreover, there was established the literary award "Argumak". Since 1992, the Uzbek National Cultural Center (NCC) of the South Kazakhstan region annually holds the regional creative competition "Ofarin" ("Bravo"), which includes 6 directions: variety and classical singing, dance art (separately and group), music performance on national instruments, art "askiya" (Askiya - genre of wit of the Uzbek people, which is included in the register "World Intangible Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. In 1998, the Uzbek NCC of Turkestan city was the first to organize the “Askiya” festival in the House of Culture of the village of Stary Ikan with the participation of humorists of the Turkestan and Sairam districts. Thanks to them, the genre of wit “Askiya” revives in Kazakhstan. Since 2004, the “Askiya” International Festival and Lapar (Lapar - Uzbek folk genre of group singing, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List) has been held annually with the participation of representatives of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Since 2006, the annual international festival "Lapar" has been held with the participation of representatives of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
In the countryside and in places of compact settlement of Uzbeks, traditional forms of organization of public life in the form of communities of neighbors and relatives (mahalla) have been preserved in the cities. As before, they are focused on solving problems that are significant for all members of this community. In addition, they are not closed communities, but are built into the system of local self-government. Representatives of the Uzbek diaspora are fully integrated into the overall socio-economic and cultural environment of the country and feel themselves full citizens of the country. The relative well-being of representatives of this ethnos in Kazakhstan is indicated by the fact that their repatriation to Uzbekistan is not observed. At the same time, all of them maintain close ties with the historical homeland, having numerous relatives there. It should be noted that due to their commitment to trade and agriculture, Uzbeks are generally economically self-sufficient. Two Uzbek theaters operate in the republic. Since 1972, the Uzbek People's Theater of Karachik village (Karashik) has been functioning in the city of Turkestan. One of the main events in the life of the Uzbeks of South Kazakhstan in 2003 there was the opening of the Uzbek Drama Theater in the ancient city of Sairam after a 62-year pause. President of Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev took part in the opening ceremony of the theater.
Today, more than 10 newspapers and magazines in the Uzbek language are published in the South Kazakhstan region: state-owned South Kazakhstan regional socio-political newspaper "Janubiy Kozogiston" (chief editor Alisher Satyvaldiyev), socio-political newspaper of Turkestan Turkestan ( Raimzhan Alibayev); Private newspapers - Sairam Sadoshi (Abdusattor Umarov), Sairam Sabosi and Zhamiyat va Marifat (Abdumalik Sarmanov), Adabiyat va Sanat (Abdugaffar Mahammedov), Zhanub Zharchilari (Zakirzhan Mominzhanov), Isfizhob ( Erkina Sultanova), Robita (Fazliddin Idinov), I-Ionimonim (Mutalib Yuldashev), as well as private magazines - Saodat sari (Mukhayo Begmatova), for children "Bojchechak" and "Kamalak", "Bolazhon" And "Bolalar Olami". On the TV channel "Kazakhstan-Shymkent", there is broadcasted on the TV program in the Uzbek language "Yurtimiz zhamoli" (editor Zebuniso Bekmetova). On the private television channel "Sairam" there are TV programs in the Uzbek language.
In 2001 at the initiative of activists of the Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan with assistance of Department of education of South Kazakhstan the regional school Olympic Games on Uzbek language and literature are equated in the republican status. As a result, according to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Education" the winners of the republican school Olympiad are awarded with breastplates "Altyn belgi". Since 2001, more than 150 pupils from Uzbek schools have won the republican Olympiad. Currently, 58 schools with Uzbek language of instruction operate in the republic, 57 schools of which function in South Kazakhstan Region, one in Zhambyl Region (School No. 4). In 84 schools of South Kazakhstan, lessons are taught in two languages (Uzbek-Kazakh, Uzbek-Tajik and Uzbek-Russian).
More than 98 thousand pupils are trained in schools with the Uzbek language of instruction, they are taught by more than 8,500 teachers. Since 2001, the Uzbek NCC of South Kazakhstan, in conjunction with the Senior Commissioner for National Minorities of the OSCE, Mr. Knut Vollebek, has been implementing a project to introduce a system of bilingual education in schools with Uzbek language of instruction. As a result, more than 100 graduates from Uzbek schools annually become university students based on a state grant.
Language situation
The Uzbek language is the state language of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the exogenous language of the Uzbek diaspora in Kazakhstan.
Together with the Uighur language, it refers to the Karluk languages. Until 1928, the Uzbek language was based on the Arabic alphabet. In 1923, the alphabet was reformed in order to adapt it to the phonetic structure of the Uzbek language. In 1928-1940yy. instead of the Arabic alphabet in the Uzbek SSR, the Latin alphabet began to be used, in 1940 the Latin alphabet was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, and in 1992 the Latin alphabet was reintroduced in Uzbekistan.
Modern Uzbek language has a complex dialect structure. Dialects of the majority of Uzbek urban centers (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara, Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the southeastern (Karluk) group of Turkic languages [5].
Statistical analysis of the socio-linguistic situation of Uzbeks based on the results of the survey
The questionnaire in the framework of the international project showed that not everyone has reliable information about the family history, that is, they can not tell exactly where and when their ancestors were relocated to Kazakhstan. Therefore, the majority of respondents all consider themselves to be indigenous residents of Kazakhstan, of the interviewed 435 people of the Uzbek ethnos to the question "Was your family deported and Kazakhstan": 239 (54.9%) answered - no, 192 (44.1%) - did not answer. That is, there are no data, only 4 respondents (0.9%) answered yes.
During studying of interaction of Turkic languages and cultures in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan within the international project, with assistance of the Uzbek ethno-cultural associations meetings with representatives of the Uzbek ethnos for holding conversations and an interview were organized. One and all respondents realize importance of national identity, that is importance of respect for national traditions, religions and cuisine. Almost all consider not important accommodation of ethnos in one territory. The research was conducted by method of holding conversations (interviewing), filling and analysis of questionnaires.
Ethnic origin: 435 people of the interviewed Uzbek respondents.
Ethnic self-determination: 407 people (93.6%) of the respondents identify themselves as Uzbeks, 16 people. (3.7%) consider themselves Kazakhs, 1 Uygur (0.2%) and 11 respondents (2.5%) gave no data.
Most representatives of the Uzbek ethnos on the passport define themselves as Uzbeks, 376 of them (86.4%) are Uzbeks; 22 (5.1%) - Kazakhs; 14 (3.2%) as Russians; 9 (2,1%) - Tatars; In 6 (1.4%) - there is no data; 3 (0,7%) - Azerbaijanis; 3 (0.7%) by the Kyrgyz; 1 (0.2%) as Turk.
In the marriage, Uzbeks basically take Uzbek wives and marry Uzbek, but there are also representatives of other nationalities, an analysis of the questionnaires showed the following:
Father's nationality: 422 people (97%) - Uzbeks; 4 (0.9%) - Uighurs; 3 (0.7%) - Karakalpaks; 2 (0.5%) are Yakuts; in 1 is (0.2%) - Kyrgyz and Tatars, 2 gave (0.5%) no data. As analysis by the father's line shows, the national color of the Uzbeks is not that rich, only 5 nationalities, except for the Uzbeks.
Whilst by nationality of mother, it were 6 nationalities: 376 people (86.4%) - Uzbeks; 22 (5,1%) - Kazakhs; 14 (3.2%) are Russians; 9 (2.1%) are Tatars; 6 (1.4%) - Uighurs and 3 people (0.7%) - Kyrgyz and Azerbaijani women.
Thus, in ethnic self-determination, the paternal line (Uzbek) is the dominant marker regardless of ethnos, the child in the family identifies with the ethnos of the father. Hence it can be stated that at present in Kazakhstan, the formation of consciousness, culture, language among Uzbeks is more influenced by the father than the mother.
It can be concluded that the dominant position in the Uzbek mixed families is the father. In addition, in mixed families, male Uzbeks, as well as women, can marry representatives of other ethnic groups on equal terms. At the same time, Uzbek men prefer to marry Uzbek women, and Uzbek women prefer to marry Uzbek men, thus preserving ethnic culture, traditions, mentality.
In the second generation, when one of the spouses of non-Uzbek nationality revealed the following:
63 (37.7%) of children in such marriages were recorded as Uzbeks;
20 people (12%) are recorded as Kazakhs,
3 people (1.8%) – as Russians,
2 people (1.8%) - as Kyrgyzs,
1 person (0.6%) – as Tatars and Uighurs,
74 people (46.1%) - no data available.
All interviewed respondents mainly consider that the knowledge of their native language is important, however regretfully admit that with the departure of the older generation the knowledge of the native language is weakening. Only the older generation knows the mother tongue very well, and a good spoken language for the middle generation, unfortunately, the younger generation are Russian-Uzbek bilinguals, Kazakh-Russian-Uzbek trilinguals and Russian-Kazakh bilinguals.
Анализ опроса показал следующее:
The analysis of the survey showed the following:
177 (40.7%) speak only in Uzbek;
67 (15.4%) speak only in Russian;
54 (12.4%) speak in Russian and Uzbek;
44 (10.1%) speak in Kazakh and Uzbek;
28 (6.4%) speak in Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek;
16 (3.7%) speak in Kazakh and Russian;
15 (3.4%) - speak only in Kazakh language;
28 (6.4%) - no data available.
An analysis of the spoken language survey of schoolchildren in a family:
173 (39.8%) - only in Uzbek language;
74 (17%) - only in Russian;
29 (6.7%) - in Russian and Uzbek;
38 (8%) - in Kazakh and Uzbek languages;
44 (10.1%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek languages;
13 (3%) - in Kazakh, Russian languages;
40 (9.2%) - only in Kazakh language.
An analysis of the language survey at where adults in the family speak in:
205 (47.1%) - only in Uzbek language;
59 (18.6%) - only in Russian;
44 (10.1%) - in Russian, Uzbek;
52 (12%) - in Kazakh, Uzbek languages;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek languages;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Russian languages;
19 (4.4%) - only in Kazakh language,
21 (4.8%) - no data available.
Analysis of the questionnaire of a language that is used with people of other nationalities:
14 (3.2%) - only in Uzbek language;
85 (19.5%) - only in Russian;
8 (1.8%) - in Russian and Uzbek;
16 (3.7%) - in Kazakh, Uzbek languages;
61 (14%) - in Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek language;
144 (33.1%) - in Kazakh, Russian;
34 (7.8%) - only in Kazakh language,
70 (16.1%) - no data available.
Analysis of the language block data showed that the "language factor" is not painful for Kazakhstani Uzbeks. The Uzbeks know Kazakh state language perfectly or at a sufficient level (14.6%), or they can speak and understand spoken language in Kazakh (42.4%). Most of the respondents do not record the facts of infringement of their rights on the basis of language. Assessing the development of the language situation in the country, the overwhelming number of representatives of the Uzbek ethnic group believes that the importance of the Kazakh language increases without affecting the Russian language (63.3%). As the most preferred model of language policy, Kazakhstani Uzbeks support the "bilingualism" model, which, along with the Kazakh language, preserves the role of the Russian language as a language of official and interethnic communication (67.3%), also the idea of trilingualism is in the second place (28, 6%).
So, the analysis of the survey showed the following:
212 people (48.7%) speak freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
205 people (47.5%) - read freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
170 people (39.1%) - write freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
137 people (45.3%) - understand freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian languages;
137 people (45.3%) read books, newspapers, magazines and ads freely in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
218 people (29.4%) - they understandably listen to lectures, talks, reports, TV shows and radio programs in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian languages;
143 people (48.7%) - they understand it better to listen to concerts, watch performances in Uzbek, Kazakh and Russian;
241 people (48.7%) - answered that they do not need to explain in their native language films in Kazakh and Russian.
All respondents consider themselves full-fledged representatives of their nationality. With personal identification, representatives of the Uzbek ethnos define for themselves as a community with their ethnic and religious group (375 people from the interviewed (86.2%) hold Islam), and then - Kazakh citizenship (30.6%). At the same time, 95% believe that nation building in Kazakhstan should be developed according to the civil model, and not by "ethnic" one.
According to the sociological survey, more than 60% of Uzbeks look at their future and the future of their children in Kazakhstan with a certain degree of pessimism. A large part of the Uzbek respondents believe that the ethnic factor is taken into account when appointing to leading and prestigious positions (53.1%), as well as employment (18.4%). Representatives of this ethnic group are quite skeptical about getting a job in the state authorities: 73.5% believe that the chances for this are low or rather low.
As key problems of the sphere of the interethnic relations representatives of the Uzbek ethnic group most often allocate existence of the hidden tension (49%), at the same time allocate with Uighurs (1 – 0,9%), with Kazakhs – 3 (0,9%), with Christians and with Russians - 1 (0,9%) and a question of transfer of office-work for Kazakh (67,3%). The dominating number of the Kazakhstan Uzbeks considers that between the Kazakhs and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan there is no tension having system character.
In general, it is almost impossible to single out an "Uzbek model of behavior" in Kazakhstan, but the study recorded two characteristic features peculiar to this ethnos: zero conflict potential and a high level of openness to interethnic interaction: 79.6% of Uzbek respondents expressed readiness to enter into marital relations With representatives of other ethnic groups, although the foregoing analysis showed a very different picture (the ratio of 86.4% of marriage to Uzbeks and 14% of other ethnic groups).
The majority of the Uzbek ethnos, as before, is engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry: 39 people from the interviewed (23.4%); but there are other industries like:
33 people (19.8%) are workers;
21 people (12.6%) - employees in the service sector;
9 people (5.4%) - teachers;
2 people (1.2%) - a school student;
3 people (1.8%) are civil servants;
18 people (10.2%) are unemployed;
3 (1.8%) - no data available.
The quality of Kazakh, Russian and English textbooks was only appreciated by respondents with higher education, mostly Kazakh and Russian textbooks were rated as "satisfactory". The quality of the English textbooks was rated as "good".
Of the oral folk art, 87.4% of respondents know and sometimes use proverbs and sayings. Older people (50 years old) remember the fairy tales and myths that their grandmothers told them (“Alpamysh”, “Takhir wa Zukhra”, “Farhad va Shirin”, “Gulambai”, “Kilich Botir”, “Khachroyion Botir”, “Shaibani- Noma”, poems by Alisher Novoy, tales and legends about “Temirlan and Nasreddin Afendi”, poems, etc.), and 12.6% of the younger generation answered that they did not know. People of the middle generation, whose childhood and youth fell under Soviet rule - 70-90 years, do not know Kazakh literature, whilst representatives of the younger generation more or less familiar with the Kazakh literature. At present, respondents with higher education return to the knowledge of oral folk art, as well as native literature through the possibilities of new technologies (the Internet's capabilities), as well as participating in activities held in ethnocultural national centers.
At the end of the questionnaire, to the question "What do you want to add to your answers? Perhaps, you have any wishes regarding the publication of books and newspapers in your native language, cultural and educational work, schooling? " some respondents (out of 60 people) wrote the following:
- It would be good to publish newspapers and magazines in their native language - 7 people (11.6%);
- It would not be bad if Uzbek language were introduced in schools - 4 people (6.6%);
- I would like to have the opportunity to watch TV in my native language - 3 people (5.0%);
- Pay attention to the quality of translations - 7 people (11.6%);
- That there was prosperity in our country - 4 people (6.6%);
- In order to maintain friendship with the Kazakhs - 2 (3.3%);
- I like living in Kazakhstan - 2 (3.3%);
- I would like to have children in schools taught the subject of "ethnology". To tell about all the ethnic groups that live on the territory of our state, their history, way of life and traditions - 1 person (1.6%);
- I would be pleased if Kazakhstan annually hosted events like "The Day of Uzbekistan in Kazakhstan", that artists from Uzbekistan come more often, I attend such concerts with pleasure - 1 person (1.6%);
- To ensure prosperity in our country - 1 person (1.6%);
- To improve the level of knowledge of the Kazakh language - 1 person (1.6%);
- To translate into the Uzbek language works of Kazakh akyns and writers - 1 person (1.6%);
- Thank you for the survey and successfully completion of this project and wish happiness to everyone and health, successes - 6 respondents (10%);
- No addition - 20 (66.6%).
One thing remains indisputable: unlike many other ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, Uzbeks have come from the same birthplace as the Kazakhs, they share common historical roots. Perhaps, therefore, between them formed a colorful and at the same time an ambiguous relationship, usually characteristic only of people who are connected by blood ties. Historical kinship is confirmed by the existing territorial boundaries.
As time has shown, the most successful form of interaction between people and ethnic groups in the person of national-cultural associations was found in Kazakhstan, under which state support is provided for the process of cultural revival of people, which has significant results in ensuring national stability and nation-wide harmony, development and integration of ethno-cultures. Here the role of the ANC and ethno-cultural centers is noted by 45.4% of the respondents.
As the study showed, for the time being, the Uzbek diaspora, living mainly in the Southern region of Kazakhstan, is developing steadily, multiplying life experience, transforming it in accordance with new socio-historical conditions. Most of Kazakhstani Uzbeks sincerely consider Kazakhstan as their homeland and are not going to leave it.
Literature
1. Data of the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2014.
2. Nazarbayev N. In the stream of history. - Almaty, Atamura - 1999.
3. Baypakov K.M. Medieval urban culture of Southern Kazakhstan and Semirechie: (VI - the beginning of XIII century.). Alma-Ata, 1968.
4. Bartold V.V. Twelve lectures on the history of the Turkish people of Central Asia. Op. M., 1968. T. 5.
5. Ermatov M. Ethnogenesis and the formation of the ancestors of the Uzbek people. Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1968.
Murtazayeva B.A.
Video
|
|